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Wealth and Profit: 



^S j^OUND IN JhE 



Willy Pine Region 



Georgia &i South Carolina 

TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF ITS 

Horticultural, Agricultural, and 
Manufacturing Resources, 









'^^'iTi^y 



TOPOGF^APHY, pEOLOGY. j^OTANY, AND pUMATOLOGY 
OF THE REGION. 



By S. E. HABEESHAM, M. D. 



Augusta, Ga.: 
printed at the augusta press book and job office. 

18 9. 



rf^jfAF^ 



In presenting this little work to the pul)lic, tlie aiUlior 
has endeavored to enibraee so nineh information upon the 
various subjects treated, as seemed necessary to elucidate the 
l)eciUiar]y remedial influences of this climate in l*uhi.onary 
Consumption and kindred diseases, and the great AgricuUural, 
Horticultural, and Manufacturing advantages of the region, 
liopiiig by this means to attract the attention of those residents 
of northern States who are obliged, by reason of chest com- 
plaints, to make semi-annual changes to a more genial climate. 

Whatever defects of style and matter may appear in part 
iirst, the author liopes the reader will overlook, since it is very 
ditlicuit in the discussion of a purely medical subject to avoid 
technical terms, without sacrificing perspicuity. 

To ni}^ professional brethren I will simply say, that as the 
work is intended more particularly for popular reading, I have 
avoided the discussion of the general question of climatic in- 
lluence ujion Pulmonary Phthisis, and have only expi'essed such 
views as are deemed important to the intelligent general readers. 

To those friends and professional gentlemen who have kindly 
furnished tlie information conveyed in these pages, I take this 
oi)l)ortunity of returning my sincere thanks. 

S. E. HxVBERSHAM, M. I). 

SuMMEiiviiJ-E, iicdi' AugasUi^ Ga.^ Jane 3, 1800. 



]fPF7- 



PART FIllST. 

PcKje 
A General Description of the Hand Hill Keyion of South 

Cai-oliiia and Georgia 9 

Winds and Soil 10 

Foi^s 11 

AV^ater 1 1 

Tenipci-ature of Water 12 

Cokcr Spring, at Aiken, S. 12 

Area, of the Sand Hill Region in Georgia and Soulh Carolina, l;} 

Surface Soil 13 

lierries. 14 

Seuppernong Grape - 14 

CUay Soil 15 

Weeds and Grasses^ 15 

lioots 15 

Yellow Pine. 10 

Few lleptiles 17 

Productiveness of the liOW J^ands , _ 17 

Pacililies of Transi)ortation IS 

Lespcdeza Striata 10 

Chemical xVnalysis 20 



}f?^^ 



Pa(je 
Health and Diseases 21 

Healthfulness 21 

Diseases of the Liver 28 

Puhiionaiy C'ousumption 24 

Causes of Exeiii])1 ion 25 

Humidity as a Cause of Phtliisis 20 

Cold asa Cause of Ththisis 27 

HaUits and Customs of the Native Population in the Sand 
Hill Region of Soutii C'aroliiia and Georgia, Avilh 
refeienee to their bearing upon Pulmonary Consumption. 81 

A Protiacted Kesidenee Necessjiry to Experienee the Full 

Benetit of the Climate 30 

A Few Words in Relation to Dieletie and Hygienic Rules 
which should be Observed b}^ Invalids C«)niing South 42 

Fatty Food Sometimes Deleterious 47 

Pulmonaiy Consumi)tion a t'urablc Disease oO 

Spontaneous Cure of Phthisis 50 

PAIIT SECOND. 

Clhnatology <35 

Precipitation of Rain 00 

Physical Geography 72 

Geology 79 

Botau}' '^5 

PART THIUD. 

Agricull ural Resources 95 

Ramie ^^ 

Maize ov ( 'orn 1 0.) 



}f??^- 



Pm/r 
Wheat 1 07 

Uye lOS 

Oals lOS 

Barley ; lOi) 

C:( ) w Pea ( \M eia ) 1 09 

Roots 110 

Sweel Potato 110 

Irish Potato 111 

Beets 112 

Turnips 112 

Phosphatic Deposits and Marl Beds 1VP> 

Fruit Cidtiire— Peach 117 

drape Culture 110 

Manufacturing Kesourees 128 

Description of the Augusta Canal 181 

Summerville, Richmond County, Ga , 143 



Hea 



LTH AND Profit: 

^S ^OUND IN JhE 



illg jjin^! foott of mm[^m 5r ^outli |^m'olina 



Part First. 

^ General "Descj'ipUon of the Sand ITiU 
Region of South Carolma and Geo7'(/ia, 

The following pages treat of the " Sand Hill " 
region of South Carolina and Georgia. They have 
been written at the request of N^orthern friends of 
.the writer, who appreciate properly the benelits to 
be derived by consumptives from the invigorating 
temperature of its dry and mild Winter climate. 

Resembling in many respects the '^ Indian Sum- 
mer " of IN'ew York and Pennsylvania, the tempera- 
ture of this region does not depress the invahd by 
its cold, nor exercise, in the Spring, the enervating 
influence so much complained of by those who pro- 
long their stay into the early Spring months of the 
regions farther South, along the coast or in the 
interior of Florida. 



10 fliLLY Pine Region of 

The coldest clays are general^ in the months of 
Decembar and January, and it is seldom that the 
thermometer marks at sunrise lower than 28° or 30° 
Fah. So seldom, indeed, is ice formed at night, 
visible at the middle of the next day, that the occur- 
rence excites the comments of the native residents. 

Though the rain, on an average, falls annually 
nearly as deep as at other places along the " eastern 
slope " — say about thirty-seven inches — the inconve- 
nience therefrom is not as great as might be sup- 
posed, inasmuch as the porous nature of the sandy 
soil enables it to absorb the falling water so rapidly 
that out-door exercise may be indulged in an hour or 
two after the storm clouds have cleared away. 

Winds and Soil. 

The prevailing winds in Winter are also drying 
winds (being from the north, northwest, west, south- 
west, and south), which soon evaporate the little 
surface moisture, and thus the atmosphere soon parts 
with its humidity. This fact explains the reason 
why so little inconvenience is experienced from what 
would be considered severe cold in a damper climate, 
the sea coast, for instance, where there is much more 
humidity, and where a much less degree of cold is 
found to be uncomfortable. For the same reason, 
an eastern wind, so much complained of in other 
regions of the Atlantic slope, though charged always 
with a large amount of vapor of water from the 
ocean, in reaching the borders of these hills, parts 
with much of its vapor in a very short time. I have 
often seen heavy nimbus or rain clouds rise rapidly 
and threatening in the east, and driven rapidly before 



pEOR<^iA AND South Carolina. li 

the wind, disappear in a few hours, with only a few 
drops of rain, and producing but a temporary effect 
upon the wet-bulb thermometer. 

Fogs. 

Fogs are of very rare occurrence, never lasting 
longer than an hour or two after sunrise, and seldom 
dense enough to obscure vision within two hundred 
yards. Five or six fogs in the Spring and Autumn 
are as many as ever occur; and I do not recollect to 
have seen more than three or four in the winter in a 
series of years. 

Water, 

In consequence of the nature of the soil com- 
posing the Sand Hills, they may be likened to great 
natural lilterers, which collect the rain and pass it 
through the pure sand to the stratum of clay 
beneath, which is the water-bearing bed of the 
Hills. Dr. Joseph Jones, formerly Chemist to the 
Georgia State Agricultural Society, now Professor of 
Chemistry, University of Louisiana, I^ew Orleans, in 
alluding to the water of Turknett Spring, near 
Augusta, Georgia, from which the city is supplied 
with drinking water, says : 

The specific gravity of this water is but very little 
greater than that of pure distilled water, being 1000.007 
per cent. The solid residue left after evaporation equals 
only four and one-fourth grains (4.25) in the gallon of 
water. The solid residue is composed of salts of lime, 
magnesia, soda, potassa, and silica. The water also 
contains, in common with all spring water, carbonic 
acid gas. 

This spring rises from the base of the hills upon 
which the delightful town of Summerville stands. 



12 Willy Pine Region op 

directly upon the MlUedgeville road, and represents 
the character of all the springs in the Sand Hill 



Te^nperatitre of Water, 

The temperature of the well and spring water 
varies from one to two degrees, but may be consid- 
ered to obey the law which governs the temperature 
of all spring and well water below seventy to one 
hundred feet from the surface, viz : the mean yearly 
temperature of the atmosphere which, in this region, 
is about 64° Fah. This equable temperature of the 
springs may be attributed to the equal depth of the 
water-bearing clay beds. Water at this temperature 
is a most delightful assuager of the thirst, and by its' 
purity assists very materially in depurating the blood 
of many ingredients which may be considered causes 
of disease, if permitted to remain in the system. The 
purity of the water of this region accounts for the 
exemption of its native inhabitants from calculus 
and kidney diseases generally, and, I have no doubt, 
in purifying the circulating fluid it also has a very 
powerful influence in eradicating malarial fevers 
from the system. 

Coher Spring^ at Aihen^ S. C 

The Coker Spring, at Aiken, S. C, may be taken 
as a type of all those in the Carolina hills, and 
resembles in every respect the waters of Turknett 
Spring, the analysis of which it corresponds to. If 
I recollect rightly, the temperature of this spring is 
exactly 64° Fah. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 13 

Area of the Sand Hill Mef/ion in Georgia 
and South Carolina. 

The area of the Sand Hill region, though very 
imperfectly defined on its northwestern and south- 
eastern borders, in the States of South Carolina and 
Georgia, is comprised within a narrow belt or area, 
extending from the northeastern border of South 
Carolina to the southwestern border of Georgia, 
reaching a maximum elevation at Aiken, in the 
former State, and Summerville, in the latter, of 
nearly six hundred feet. The average width of this 
pecuUar formation may be estimated in the two 
States to be about thirty miles, more or less. To 
the geologist it is an extremely interesting portion of 
the American continent, particularly as it lies 
between the primary and tertiary regions, separating 
distinctly these two geological regions. For more 
interesting data on this subject, see Part Second. 

Surface Soil, 

The surface soil is sandy, covered with a thin 
vegetable mould, which soon blends with the gray 
and white sand below when disturbed by the plough, 
becoming unproductive after one or two years (with- 
out manure) in cotton and the cereals, yet always 
yielding a prolific crop of fruit, particularly the 
peach, nectarine, apricot, pomegranite, fig, pear and 
phim, of man}' varieties, from the delicious and 
juicy magnum bonum and green gage to the common 
damson and wild [)lums of the country (Prunus 
Americana); and (P. Chicasa) watermelons reach 
dimensions almost incredibly large to those not 



14 Willy Pine R 



EGION OF 



familiar with the fact ; wliile cantelopes, which are 
grown in great profusion, possess a flavor surpassed 
by none in the world. 

JBerries. 

Blackberries of both varieties — the black rasp- 
berry, strawberries, and whortleberries — are v( ry 
abundant. The black raspberry is not indigenous, 
and requires cultivation. 

Sciipperuong Grape. 

The grape is indigenous to the country, of which 
the scuppernong is the most hardy and abundant 
producer, having never been known to fail in ripen- 
ing its fruit, and is entirely exempt from those 
blights which, in other countries and regions of our 
own, have nearly destroyed the vine. Mr. Berck- 
mans, a distinguished horticulturist and vine-grower, 
now residing near Augusta, in the Sand Hill region, 
whose nursery is well worth seeing, states that he 
has never known this vine to fail in a series of years. 
Its fruit is of a most delicious and peculiar flavor, 
and makes a wine of the best quality, surpassed by 
none other grown in America. Its rapidity of growth 
is so great that when once well rooted it will cover 
a large area of ground, and the amount of fruit pro- 
duced from one vine is almost incredible. It is 
propagated from the root, never should be trimmed, 
and onl}^ requires trailing on arbors or trellises to 
ensure its full vigor and health. This grape was 
originally brought from North Carolina, but it is 
now the common grape of this region, and promises 
to supplant all others in the estimation of the vine- 



pEORGIA AND SoUTH CaI^OLINA. 1^ 

growers of Georgiu and Carolina. It may be propa- 
gated by layers without difficulty, and will, no 
doubt, become a most certain source of wealtli to 
the region in which it flourishes. 

Clay Soil. 

In some localities the clay (argillaceous sand) lies 
near the surface, overlaid with a mixture of deconi- 
[)osed vegetable matter and dark sand; and there 
the soil is both productive in cereals and cotton, 
retaining for some time the manure put upon it, and 
heing of very easy cultivation. 

Weeds and Grasses. 

Weeds and grasses are less annoying to the farmer 
than elsewhere, and are easily subdued by the plough; 
the corn being generally left to shift for itself after 
the month of July, and sometimes much earlier. 

Roots, 

The sweet potato yields most abundantly in this 
soil; some of the roots grow to the size of six 
pounds, and a very common weight is from two to 
three pounds. Ruta-baga and other turnips produce 
good crops when manured from the barn yard or 
wdth bone dust, as do also beets, parsnips, carrots, 
salsify, radishes, etc. The delicious bur artichoke 
and asparagus yield early and luxuriantly. Straw- 
berries and green peas ripen in the month of April, 
and are, in turn, succeeded by snap beans, early cab- 
bages, and lettuce. These vegetables come into use 
at least six weeks earlier than in the Northern 
States ; while the Irish potato is often dug in the 



fiiLLY Pine Region of 



month of June. The early varieties of the peach, 
apple, and pear ripen in the early part of June, and 
apricots in the month of May. 

There are other fruits which the careful horticul- 
turist could produce in ahundance, hut, as they 
rc(|uire care, and are now unremunerative, they are 
neglected. 

Yellow Fine, 

On the sandy ridges, the natural growth is gener- 
ally small and stunted, excepting the long leaved 
or yellow pine, which acquires large dimensions, 
thus affording a superahundance of material for 
fencing and building purposes, beside yielding, from 
the superiority of its wood, a large income to the 
possessor of a ^vater power, who cuts it into lumber 
for the neighborhood, or ships it to the coast for 
foreign markets. 

I^ear the water courses, of which there are many 
(for this, notwithstanding the sandy character of the 
soil, is a well-watered region), the trees grow luxu- 
riantly, such as the beach^ white oak, poplar, syca- 
more, maple, elm, hack berr^^, etc. 

The beauty of the field and forest consists not 
in verdant grass, but in its stead we have flowers, 
bright and beautiful, and of delicious odor. The 
woods are particularly rich in flowering shrubs, and 
the fields in the various genera and species of tlie 
composite order of plants. The Coriopsis and 
Crisopis, l^ymphia and Cynthia, Liatris and Erig- 
gonum, ISTapthalia, Yernonia, Kudbeckia, Aster, and 
Gnaphalium, and many others of this order, flourish 
in their beauty ; while Yaccinum Arborium, whose 



Georgia and ^outh Carolina. 17 



glossy green leaves contrast strongly with its luxu- 
riant white flowers in nodding racemes, sometimes 
cover the branches so thickly as almost to obscure 
the foliage. Many of the Leguminoseae are very 
beautiful, but the pride of the woodland is the yellow 
Jessamine (Gelseminum Semper-virens), whose 
bright yellow petals are often seen hanging in thick 
clusters and festoons from the boughs and tops of 
medium sized trees, presenting a more beautiful 
appearance than can be equalled by the florist in a 
less favored climate; perfuming the atmosphere at 
early morn and evening with an odor unequalled in 
its fragrance. 

Few Meptiles. 

In these woods and fields the student of natural 
history may find days of unalloyed pleasure, and 
wander for hours, unmindful of fatigue, amid the 
beauty of its flora, regardless of reptiles, of wdiicli 
there are very few, save on the banks of the streams 
where the shrubbery is too thick for pleasant walk- 
ing. Even here, however, this cold-blooded enemy 
of our race is seldom seen, since he generally makes 
his escape at the noise of man's footfall. 

Productiveness of the Low Lands. 

Though the soil of the hills and ridges is generally 
unproductive, save in fruit, as before mentioned, yet 
the lower lands bordering on the creeks and water 
courses yield abundant crops of wheat and maize, 
even with the careless system of cultivation practiced 
before emancipation; but, with the improved a2;ri- 
culture of the white man'a own hands, cultivating 



i8 Hilly Pine R 



EGION OF 



and iiuiiiurhig thoroughly a small portion of hind at 
a time, there is no reason why labor should not be 
amply rewarded. I know that thirty bushels of 
wheat have been raised to the acre; the same land 
ploughed in when the wdieat was removed, and 
twenty-iive bushels of corn and ten of cow peas 
attained as a second crop. 

When the proximity of the great marts of trade 
lying upon the Atlantic is recollected, with the great 
and increasing facilities of transportation taken into 
account, there is every reason to believe that the 
remuneration of capital and labor will be equal to 
that atforded by the rich alluvial lands of the South- 
west and West, so abounding in cholera, malarial 
fever, etc. From these this region is generally 
exempt. 

Facilities of Transportation, 

Regular lines of steamers from the ports of Sa- 
vannah and Charleston twice a week, with railroad 
transportation to these ports, afford rapid carriage for 
earl}^ fruits and vegetables to the cities of IS'ew 
York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, where 
they bring very remunerative prices, and must 
invite a ready sale. When the low price of land, 
the cheapness of building, the character of soil, 
rendering it very easy of cultivation, the little outlay 
of capital necessary to establish oi'chards and vine- 
yards, are considered, the per centage upon capital 
invested is enormous. 

Heretofore there has been comparatively little 
enterprise in this direction, cotton having absorbed 
the attention and available means of the more intel- 



Georgia and South Carolina. 19 

ligent portion of the people; but now that the unre- 
liable nature of negro labor in large gangs, and the 
scarcity of money, have forcibly turned the attention 
of the planter to that kind of agriculture Avhich will 
yield the greatest income upon small investments, 
the hope is indulged that before long this land, now 
neglected and wasted, will be covered with orchards 
and vineyards, and that each family will literally 
dwell under its own vine and tig tree. 

Lespede^a Striata. 

Heretofore a great desideratum has been some 
herb or grass to cover the surface of lawns and afford 
grazing lor cattle and sheep Kature now seems 
miraculously to have supplied this want in the 
Lespedeza Striata, or Japan clover, as it has been 
named by the common consent of all. This growth 
is spreading, from apparently many centres, over the 
whole middle and up country of South Carohna and 
Georgia, with such astonishing rapidity as apparently 
to have been sown by the bountiful hand of heaven 
from the clouds. During and before the war it was 
only known to our botanists, and it is not described 
in either Elliott's or other Botany of the Southern 
States, and therefore could not have existed generally 
when these books were written. It is supposed by 
Professor Gray, I learn, to have been of Japanese 
origin, though it has been known for many years to 
Mr. H. W. Ravenel, of Aiken, S. C. The popular 
opinion is that it was brought into the country by 
Sherman in his march through, but it has been 
found very far from his line of march, and was 
known before he invaded these States. The scientific 



20 Willy jPine Region of 



attribute its rapid spread to some peculiar eliauge in 
the climate and soil inexplicable with our present 
knowledge. 

So rapid is its growth that whole regions of 
country, from the mountains to the Sand Hills, are 
being covered by it. It grows abundantly in the 
forest under-shade and in the sunny red clay, form- 
ing a vegetable mould for itself by the decay of its 
stem, to sprout out again in the Spring luxuriant and 
green ; growing thickly when there is a vegetable 
mould, eradicating the common grasses which are of 
no value as forage, and killins: the broom sedo'e. It 
is said even to give the nut grass a hard tug for 
existence, but this I can hardly credit. In some 
favorable localities it has been known to grow to the 
height of three feet, as stated by farmers, but it is 
generally not more than from four to ten inches 
high. 

Cheiuical Analysis. 

An analysis of the Lespedeza Striata by Professor 
Eains, of the Augusta Medical School, shows it to 
be rich in potassa and soda, and very similar in its 
constituents to clover. It should, therefore, prove 
not only valuable for grazing, but also as a renovator 
of worn-out lands, for which it seems to have a 
wonderful fondness. Already, I learn, the cattle 
are showing the benefit they derive from it in 
their greatly improved flesh and sleek skins, as 
they are said to devour it with great avidity. A 
botanical description of this plant is given in the 
second part of this work, under the head of ''Botany 
of this Region." 



Georgia and South pAf^oLmA. 



Qi 



Health and Diseases, 

After mentioning the many water courses of this 
Sand Hill region, I might be expected to feel some 
hesitation in asserting the remarkable and unsur- 
passed health and longevity of its inhabitants, but 
the rapid increase of its population from natural 
causes alone would support me, since there has been 
no immigration to it for years ; while it has afforded 
a large surplus population for emigration to Alabama 
and the other Southwestern States. White, in his 
Statistics of G-eorgia, article Richmond County, gives 
the ao;es of some of the oldest inhabitants of this 
county. Page 506 : 

Mr. D'Antignac died at the age of 89 ; Agnus Martin 
over 80 ; James Gardiner over 83 ; Mrs. Griffin over 90 ; 
Mrs. Dawson over 91 ; Mr. N. Murphy 80 ; Mr. Rowell 
over 80 ; Mrs. Tinley nearly 103. There are now living 
in Augusta, 1849, in the same family, four persons, each 
of whom has exceeded 83 years. In 1826, an African, 
knoAvn as old Orua, died on Mr. Course's plantation at 
the age of 96. Mr. Course had, Avithin twenty-five 
years, buried twenty-nine Africans from the ages of 80 
to 140 years. Old Amy died at 140. She arrived in 
Charleston when there were but six small houses ; she 
retained her speech, her sight and hearing to the last. 
Jack Wright was 109 years old ; he had been a servant 
of Lord Anson when stationed at Charleston, prior to 
his voyage round the world. 

There are now living in this county many persons 
known to me, who are over 80 years of age. 

Healthfalness, 

Its elevation, character of soil, and vegetation, 
exempts it fro in malarial fevers, excepting in a few 
localities immediately in the neighborhood of mill 
ponds, or on the banks of the larger streams, where- 



52 j4iLLr j=^iNE Region op 

the swamps widen out to some extent ; even here it 
is seldom found to produce those high grades of con- 
gestive, hiUous, remittent, and continued fevers so 
common in the same latitude elsewhere. Indeed, 
the character of the soil and the purity of the water 
seem inimical to the growth of those spores upon 
which malaria depends. 

Typhoid fever and dysentery sometimes prevail in 
the Summer and Autumn season in sporadic cases, 
hut are seldom fatal, excepting from neglect and im- 
prudence in permitting the patient to indulge in solid 
articles of diet. In the years 1850, 1851, and 1852, 
there was an epidemic constitution of the atmos- 
phere along the waters of the Edisto river, which 
seemed to be Typhoidal ; for, upon a case having 
been brought into that section from Atlanta, Ga., in 
the person of a child eight years of age, it spread 
from place \o place along that river; but so mild 
was the type that not a single patient died of forty 
occurring in the three years. 

Pneumonia, Pleurisy, Bronchitis, and Catarrhal 
affections, generally, are more rare than in any other 
region I am acquainted with ; for a physician in good 
practice for this region may pass through a whole 
Winter without seeing more than half a dozen cases 
of either of the first two, though bronchitis and 
nasal catarrh may occur here as elsewhere, from im- 
prudence or exposure. These diseases always yield 
readily to treatment, rarely terminating unfavorably, 
excepting in extieme age, or from some great impru- 
dence on the part of patient or friends ; and this is 
rather to be wondered at, since the houses of the 
country are very open, exposing the patient to 



Georgia and South Caf^olina. 23 

draughts of cold air — perhaps at the very crisis of 
his disease. All catarrhal affections are sooner re- 
covered from than in any other climate I have prac- 
ticed in. 

That character of acute articular Rheumatism so 
often seen in cities and damp climates is very seldom 
observed in this region. I remember to have seen 
but two cases in a practice of seven years which 
were at all severe. These appeared to be epidemic, 
havino; occurred in a hoarding: school, commencins^ 
in each case with inflammation of the eye, or 
catarrhal apthalmia, with sudden subsedince in the 
eye, and metastasis to the large joints. I know of 
no climate better adapted to the relief of chronic 
cases of this disease, and can recollect many cases 
which have been entirely relieved by a residence 
in it. 

Calculous complaints, and diseases depending upon 
Lithic diathesis, are so rare that I do not recollect to 
have seen a case in the native population, or one 
which originated in the climate, during my residence 
in Aiken. 

Diseases of the Liver, 

Diseases of the Liver sometimes oi-iginate here, 
though many persons have removed to the climate 
for relief, Avith removal of all the symptoms. Bilious 
derangements sometimes supervene upon errors in 
diet, and much exposure to the sun, in those unac- 
customed to it. It is not, however, surprising that 
these diseases should occur, and the wonder is that 
they do not oftener appear, when the fatty diet of 
the people generally, who eat much greasy food, is 
considered.* 



*This remark refers to the plain farmers of the country. 



^4 fliLLY Pine jIegioh of 

Anasarca or Ascites, and diseases of the circu- 
latory apparatus, seldom trouble patient or ph3'sician. 

Asiatic Cholera is never known to have occurred, 
and Cholera Infantum, the summer complaint of 
infants everywhere in America, only occurs here in 
a few isolated cases, and is generally of a mild 
character. 

As a general thing, the healthfulness of the cli- 
mate is as proverbial for children as for adults, as the 
number of large families will attest ; there are many 
families which have never lost a child by disease. 

Furthermore, I may say that no disease can be 
said to be endemic to the climate or soil, and those 
which do occur are more amenable to treatment 
than in any region I have ever been in, inasmuch as 
there are no endemic causes calculated to maintain 
diseased action ; and the powers of nature, aided by 
judgment on the part of the medical attendant, con- 
duct the patient to an almost sure and rapid recovery. 

Pulmonary Consumption. 

Phthisis, or Pulmonary Consumption, is rarely 
known to originate among the native population, 
and when it does is of so chronic a character that the 
patients live on from year to year with apparently 
little discomfort. Dr. Amony Coffin, an old resident 
physician of Aiken, whose accurate diagnosis and 
familiarity with the disease, acquired by an extensive 
practice among the invalids who resort there for 
relief, remarked to me : 

The wonder is not that so few cases do occur among 
the natives, but that those who do suifer from it live to 
a ripe old age, to die of some other disease, perhaps, 
essentially not Phthisical, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 25 



Causes of XJxemptton. 

The peculiarly benelicial influence of this climate 
in Pulmonary Consumption may be attributable to 
its perfect healthfulness with respect to other dis- 
eases; the result in part of the dryness of the soil, 
the peculiar influence of the pine growth, its eleva- 
tion above tide water, the absence of stas^nant water 
and hirge water courses, the purity of the water, but 
more particularly the absence of humidity in the air 
and severe cold, as well as the habits and customs of 
the people. We, therefore, shall ask the attention 
of the reader while we consider seriatim the last 
named causes, as we deem it important in the dis- 
cussion of this subject that all the points bearing 
upon it should be clearly stated, since it has been 
asserted by many that cHmate seems to exert but 
little direct influence as a cause of Phthisis, and 
that the habits and customs of a people are more 
directly concerned in its causation. The force of 
this assertion cannot be denied, for it seems sus- 
tained by facts, since we always find a comparative 
absence of the disease among a rural and sparse 
population, enjoying an abundance of food and 
domestic comforts, with out-door labor and exercise. 
In Hall county, Ga., where all of these conditions 
exist, a case of consumption was never known to 
liave occurred. The accompaniments of civilization, 
refinement, and luxury, are far greater causes, cer- 
tainly, of this malady, than mere climatic difler- 
ences, excepting in so far as they modity the habits 
and customs of a people. There are, however, 
certain conditions of climate which are supposed, 
2 



26 fiiLLY Pine Region of 

upon physiological principles, to be directly causa- 
tive of Phthisis ; these are humidity and cold. We 
shall, therefore, consider 

Sumidity as a Cause of I^hthisis, 

In estimating the influence of atmospheric hu- 
midity as an exciting cause of Pulmonary Consump- 
tion, we find a great discrepancy of opinion among 
writers on the subject, growing, no doubt, out of 
defective data from which their conclusions were 
drawn. The great difiiculty of bringing men to 
think alike on any subject is proverbial. This is a 
defect of our mental organization, perhaps, and in 
no science is this more evident than in Medicine, 
expressed in the trite maxim that "doctors will dis- 
agree." In the absence of positive data, we are 
compelled to state our opinion, as based upon our 
own impressions, derived from observation, and the 
weight of medical evidence, which certainly accords 
to it a baneful influence upon the disease, both as an 
exciting and aggravating cause. This opinion is 
based upon the known physiological action of hu- 
midity upon the lungs and skin in diminishing the 
vaporous exhalation from these organs, thus render- 
ing the blood more watery, and adding to that con- 
dition, which in the consumptive already exists in 
excess. Humidity also has a tendency to maintain 
the blood at an elevated temperature, as any one will 
observe who is unable to perspire when the ther- 
mometer stands at 90° Fah. This, however, is not 
the only evil resulting from humidity, since it also 
interferes, very materially, with the supplementary 
action of the skin in relation to the lungs. The im- 



Georgia and South Cai\olina. 27 

portance of this relation is so abl y maintained by the 
most distinguished writers on Phthisis and climate, 
that I deem it only necessary to allude to it in this 
place. The effect of humidity is to enervate the 
body; and if it had no other evil influence upon the 
consumptive, this must be considered a serious one, 
since it would interfere with that exercise, so essen- 
tial to healthy digestion and nutrition, the impair- 
ment of which is often the first step in the causation 
of PuUiionary Consumption. If we accept the 
above statements as facts, and they cannot be denied 
with our present physiological knowledge, we can 
readily understand one of the reasons for the health- 
fulness of the Sand Hill region of Georgia and 
Carolina, and more particularly their comparative 
exemption from Pulmonary Consumption and kin- 
dred diseases — since, from what has been said, it is 
essentially a dry climate. 

Cold as a Cause of JPJitJiisls. 

The eftect of severe cold upon the animal organ- 
ism is to depress the forces of the S3'Stem by abstract- 
ing the animal heat more rapidly than it can be 
generated ; and, as the first effect upon the lungs is 
to arrest transpiration, it very materially serves to 
impair the power of calorification, which process is 
mainly carried on in the lungs ; being caused, as is 
supposed by Leibig, by the oxygen of the atmos- 
phere acting upon the carbon of the blood, as it is 
exposed in the capillary net work of the pulmonary 
air tubes, causing a chemical combustion, and the 
conversion of the carbon in the blood into carbonic 
acid, which is expelled at each expiration. If this 



28 Willy Pine Region of 

be the first efiect of severe eolcl, it must necessarily 
impair the vital capacity of the lungs so acted upon. 
Vital capacity signifies nothing more than the num- 
ber of cubic inches of air which each individual can 
exhale in a forced expiration. Now, the relation 
between vital capacity and the process of calorifica- 
tion is such, that as one diminishes, so does the 
other. For example : an individual who can inhale, 
at a deep and full insperation, three hundred and 
fifty cubic inches of air, will certainly generate more 
animal heat or personal warmth. than one who can 
only inhale two hundred and fifty. jN'ow, the infiu- 
ence of Pulmonary Consumption is to diminish, very 
materially, this vital capacity, as has been proven by 
many observations ; hence, under all circumstances, 
a cold climate, particularly when associated with 
moisture, must be injurious to that person whose 
vital capacity has been thus reduced, since it would 
be impossible, from the nature of his defective respi- 
ration, and the watery condition of his blood, to 
supply the amount of animal heat necessary to 
maintain the integrity of his functions, as it has been 
shown by recent experiment and observation that a 
very small loss of animal heat will destroy life. The 
abstraction of even the smallest amount would mate- 
rially diminish vital force so necessary to the per- 
formance of digestion and nutrition. I should, 
therefore, say that a patient whose vital capacity is 
materially reduced, should seek a climate adapted to 
his powers of calorification, and that in such a cli- 
mate he would find the temperature best adapted to 
his case, particularly if it be a dry climate, which 
favors the supplementary action of the skin. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 29 

This hypothesis of the relation between animal 
heat and vital capacity is sustained by the thoracic 
dimensions of the Esquimaux, who, though but five 
feet in stature, has the thorax of a man six feet tall. 
On the other hand, the native of the torrid zone, 
though much taller, lias a narrow and contracted 
chest, as described by travellers and observed by 
myself. This difference of thoracic conformation 
between the natives of the two thermal extremes is 
accounted for upon the supposition that the require- 
ments of the Esquimaux are greater for animal heat 
than the native of the torrid zone, who generates 
more heat than he requires, which, if not carried off 
by profuse sweating, would consume him with fever; 
for it has been long shown that sweating is a cooling 
process, and that in a hot climate fever is always the 
result of a deficiency in this respect. There is 
another fact connected with the relation between 
functional activity of the lungs and vital capacity 
mentioned by travellers in the Andes, viz : that in 
consequence of the diminished oxygen in a given 
volume of atmosphere, by reason of the greatly 
rarified condition of the air at high altitudes, the 
thorax and vital capacity increase to meet this 
requirement of the system; and hence the supposed, 
and perhaps established, fact of the benefit resulting 
to the consumptive from a long sojourn in this region, 
independent of the equable temperature which must 
necessarily exist at 8,000 feet altitude in the torrid 
zone. 

Takina: the above facts into consideratioii, w^e can 
readily understand that if the stamina of an indi- 
vidual be sufficiently good to enable him to with- 



56 fiiLLY Pine Region o^ 

stand the demaiids upon his power of calorification, 
that he would be materially benefitted by a chans^e 
to a dry cold climate, such as St. Paul's, Canada, and 
other res^ions it is now the fashion to recommend to 
consumptives. Unfortunately, however, there are a 
very few consumptives who avail themselves of this 
climate before their vital capacity is materially 
reduced; and thus their power of calorification is so 
impaired as to be unable to supply the demands for 
this vitalizing principle, and functional, as Avell as 
organic, decay is the necessary consequence of the 
change to that climate.* For such, a milder climate 
is better — sufficiently dry to favor cutaneous and 
pulmonary transpiration, and thus support the sup- 
plementary action of the skin, and sufficiently cool 
to enable the patient to take out-door exercise with- 
out the enervating effect of too much warmth. Such 
a climate we believe to exist in the sand hill region 
of Georgia and Carolina. 

As before stated, climate probably exerts very 
little direct influence in the causation of Phthisis, 
farther than the mode and manner of life it engen- 
ders, and the daily hygrometric and thermal changes 



*Dr. J. Farrar, of St. Paul, Minnesota, writes to the Hartford 
Conrant^ warning consumptives, in the advanced stages of disease, 
against seeking relief in that State. The Doctor says: "A more 
changeable climate from one extreme to another I have never expe- 
rienced in this country. The changes are more sudden, too, than they 
are in our New England States, thus making this climate totally 
unadapted to iiatients suffering with bronchial or catarrhal complaints, 
though hundreds are annually sent here by their physicians and friends 
for a relief or a cure of the above troublesome, and not unfrequently 
fatal, complaints. I have seen no evidence of the dryness of the ah- 
here in the interior of the State. I have yet to learn of a single 
instance wherein a patient with bronchial or catarrhal disease has been 
in the least benetitted by this climate. But. on the other hand, they 
are maladies continually originating in this State. Not afevysuck have 
consulted me in regard to their cases sine e my brief sojourn in St. Paul. 
I invariably send all such (or rather advise them) to spend the winter 
in South Carolina." 



Georgia and South Carolina. gi 

resulting from it. In order, therefore, to present 
this subject as fairly (to the consideration of medical 
men more particularly) as possible, and as my desire 
is not to claim more for our region than it is richly 
entitled to, lest I should be accused of exaggeration, 
I shall endeavor to represent the habits and customs 
of the native population as graphically as is consist- 
ent with truth and the plan of this work, since 
they bear an important relation to the subject. 

Habits and Customs of the Wative I^opula- 
tion wi the Sand Hill Hegion of South 
Carolina and Georgia, with reference to 
their bearing upon Pulmonary Consump- 
tion, 

There is no region of the world, perhaps — !N"ew 
England not excepted — where the natives are more 
frugal and simple in their manner of living than are 
the farmers and well-to-do people of this region. 
Their diet, though plain, is amply nutritious to supply 
the demands of the system. Their clothing is suffi- 
ciently warm, though flannel is rarely worn by them. 
Their houses are built apparentl}^ with the view of 
admitting as much air as possible, and not to exclude 
it; seldom plastered, rarely ceiled over-head; the 
outer weather-boarding being the only protection 
against the inclemencies of the weather. The win- 
dows are constructed to admit light and air, since 
they are often not even closed with sash. Even in 
the coldest weather it is rare that the door is closed, 
excepting at night, when the family have retired, or 
the rain enters the house through it. A large fire- 
place, with a blazing fire, upon which the wood is 
piled in enormous quantities, seems to roast the 



32 Willy Pine R 



EGION OP 



front, wliile the back is almost freezing. To one 
unaccustomed to such habits it is not only trying to 
the temper, but most inimical to health. These 
people seem not to feel the discomfort, and, what is 
most singular, never contract colds from the unequal 
heat of their bodies. Contrast this with the habit of 
the ]N"ew England household, who are constrained 
(perhaps by the severity of their climate) to double 
their sashes, and close up their chimney with an air- 
tight stove, in addition to which the doors are listed, 
and only opened to atford ingress and egress to their 
sitting room. The first habit ensures a free ingress 
to a large amount of oxygen, at the expense of com- 
fort to those unaccustomed to it; the other a danger- 
ous diminution of this vital principle, with more 
temporary comfort — too sure in the end, however, to 
result disastrousl}^ to the occupants of such a dwell- 
ing, and which is, no doubt, one of the most positive 
causes of the great amount of Pulmonary disease 
common to the inhabitants of that region. The resi- 
dents of these Hills are essentially an agricultural 
people, and by reason of the mildness of the climate 
are never forced to keep in doors, even in the most 
inclement weather. 

The principal articles of diet are corn and wheaten 
bread, vegetables, and such flesh as they are enabled 
to rear themselves; and as the cows are only kept 
for milk, and sheep for wool, they are seldom killed; 
consequently, swine flesh and poultry enter very 
largely in their dietry, which is served up at every 
meal, viz : Breakfast, dinner, and supper. Their 
drink is simply cold water, and a very weak decoc- 
tion of badly burnt colfee — Rio being generally pre- 



pEORGIA AND SoUTH CAROLINA. gg 

ferred. Some few indulge habitually in the appe- 
tizing- dram, though, unfortunately, this habit, I 
learn, has increased since the war. In the exemption 
from disturbing causes to create a restless night, 
tliey are generally sound sleepers; and having retired 
early, as is the custom of the people, they are early 
risers, and daylight finds them performing their cus- 
tomary ablutions preparatory to a day's work. They 
breakfast at sunrise, dine at meridian, and sup at 
dark. As all of their habits are such as to ensure a 
continuance of health, a plenty of free air, and with 
ample clothing, food, and out-door exercise, there 
seems to be nothing that can produce Tuberculosis. 
This description refers directly to the general popu- 
lation, not to the wealthy few. 

Aitkin, in his most philosophical and practical 
work on practice of medicine, says, in speaking of 
the consumptive patient: 

It is important to secure for the patient a uniform, 
sheltered temperature and mild climate to live in, witli 
a temperature at 60° Fall., and a range of not more than 
10^ or 15^5 where also the air is dry, and the drinking- 
water pure and not hard. 

A very near approximation to these conditions are 
found in this region, and particularly in the neigh- 
borhood of Aiken, S. C, and at Summerville, near 
Augusta, Georgia. 

These blessings are within the reach of every man 
of moderate means. A few hundred dollars invested 
in land and a house will enable him to surround him- 
self with every comfort. The price of building- 
material and mechanical labor is such that a cotta<j-e 

to 

can be built, in a plain and comfortable manner, for 



54 fliLLY J^iNE Region o^ 

a few hundred dollars. Water can be obtained often 
from spring's, and always from wells of the purest 
kind and most refreshing temperature. For cheap- 
ness and certainty, there is no well so calculated to 
meet this requirement as the Tubular patent used by 
the British troops in their late march through the 
deserts of jAbyssinia upon Magdalla. The soil is 
here so light and free of boulders that the tube 
could be driven down without any difficulty to the 
required depth, and when once it reaches the water- 
bearing stratum, a never failing supply of water will 
appear. Samples of these wells have been exhibited 
in the city of Augusta, and their operation gave 
general satisfaction. 

There are thousands of acres of land awaiting 
purchasers, the owners of which are anxious to sell, 
at very low prices, to actual settlers who come to de- 
velope the resources of the country, and sow the 
fruit-bearing seed, rather than discord between the 
races. To the former a hearty Southern welcome 
will be extended; the latter no one desires to see 
The great resources of this land have hitherto been 
ver}^ much overlooked, excepting by a few enter- 
prising men, and cotton had taken the place of fruit. 

There are many ITew England and Middle State 
farmers who are now cultivating a few acres of land 
in an unfavorable climate for health and longevity to 
themselves and family. I mean such as are tainted 
with hereditary consumption, who could sell these 
lands for thirty times the price it w^ould take to estab- 
lish themselves on comfortable farms here, which, in 
a few years. would yield them a handsome income 
and an abundance of the finest fruits for their own 



Georgia and South Carolina. 35 

use. The vine and the fig, the peach, pear, apple, 
apricot, etc., wonld soon yield them a super- 
abundance of fruit. Their families would improve 
in health, for, stimulated by the dry and bracing 
influence of the climate by reason of their constant 
out-door employment, winter or summer, they would 
continually enjoy these hygienic influences. 

In this climate his children may romp and play 
from morning to night in the open air, at all times of 
the day and in all seasons ; for there is scarcely a 
day. Winter or Summer, Spring or Autumn, when 
they may not expose themselves with impunity. 
The ruddy cheeks and sturdy limbsof the little folks 
attest to the benefit they derive from this habit of 
living out of doors; and there is no climate in the 
world, not excepting old England, where the chil- 
dren present a more hardy and healthy appearance. 

The character of the soil is such as to require com- 
paratively little labor ; for two horses here will do 
the work of four in the stifl:' clay lands of other 
regions. 

To the mau of fortune, who desires a mild and 
genial Winter atmosphere, and a safe retreat from 
the regions of a ^N^orthern climate, there is no country 
within such easy distance as the Sand Hills of these 
States satisfying these requirements. Here he can 
erect as cheap or expensive a villa as he may wish, 
and enjoy all the appliances of wealth and luxury for 
what a fashionable ball in his own stately mansion 
at home would cost him; and though his family will 
not find here the gaiety of the fashionable watering 
place, yet a delightful social circle would soon be 
established among themselves, and innocent and 



^6 MiLLY Pine Region op 

rational pleasures exchanged for the exacting require- 
ments of fashion, and the wearing and enervating 
dissipations of the ball and the routf. There are 
hundreds of families of this class who leave every 
season for climates accessible only by crossing the 
J^tlantic, when they could reach a better climate 
only two days by rail from the city of New York; 
and so sudden is the change from the cold of the 
North to the almost tropical Winter of this region, 
that it seems almost as marvellous as the fictitious 
feats performed by Aladdin's wonderful lamp. Once 
here, the pleasure of physical existence is soon real- 
ized in the buoyancy and lightness which seems to 
accompany each deeply-drawn breath of the exhilar- 
ating air. 

A JProtracted Residence Necessary to Expe- 
rience the Full Benefit of the Climate, 

To experience the full benefit of a change of air 
to this climate, the residence in it should be pro- 
tracted so long as there is any lurking symptom of 
latent disease; for, though there are many, no doubt 
now living, to attest to the benefit of a few Winters' 
residence, yet they are the exceptions to the rule, or 
were those who came into it before blood degrada- 
tion had become established, and important organs 
structurally impaired. 

As a general thing, the first evidence of improve- 
ment is a manifest freedom of respiration which the 
patient almost at once realizes; a return of the 
natural appetite and improved digestion; sound 
sleep, undisturbed by much cough; and a desire of 
being constantly out of doors. I have often heard 



Georgia and South Carolina. 37 

the sick say : " Your air is so soothing that I cannot 
satisfy myself in breathing it." One old gentleman, 
who had travelled all over Europe and South 
America, formerly an eminent barrister of ^ew 
Orleans, said to me : 

I long for the air of this climate when away from it 
as did the hungry Jew in the wilderiies's for the manna ; 
and were I a young man (he was then sixty years of 
age), 1 would build me a cottage, and plant a vineyard 
and fig trees, and live upon their fruits, and he 
almost tempted to return to primitive simplicity of 
living. The desire for living in the open air is something 
peculiar to the climate of these hills ; the house seems 
to be robbing me of a pleasure. I even envy the hours 
lost in eating and sleeping. 

This feeling is not confined to a few, but is expe- 
rienced by nearly all, and particularly those who are 
strono- enough to walk or ride. 

The great mistake which this class of patients 
make is, that they expect more from the climate 
than they should, because of this sudden ameliora- 
tion of uncomfortable symptoms, forgetting that their 
disease is not only a local one, but a blood defect, 
which only time and the observance of those hygienic 
rules found beneficial elsewhere can entirely and 
permanently remove. They expect, in other words, 
that the climate will act as promptly in checking 
their disease as it does in some cases of Asthma, or 
a dose of Quinnia does an exacerbation of chill, or 
a full dose of opium on incipient catarrh ; forgetting, 
or not knowing, perhaps, that in blood diseases the 
cure mast be gradual, and that the influence of cli- 
mate is indirectly upon it through the system, 
placing it in giich a conditioft as tja^t it may remove 



38 Hilly Pine Region of 



disease by a power inherent to itself, which the 
doctors call " Vis Natitra Medicairix.'^ 

If the disease has originated in impaired digestion, 
the first step toward relief is to place the individual 
under such conditions as will improve the digestive 
function, and thus give strength to the system, to 
enable the patient to take such exercise as will main- 
tain its healthv action. Toward this end the mind 
should be relieved of those influences calculated to 
depress it. The patient should avoid the crowded 
hotel, filled, perhaps, with consumptives, many of 
them far gone in the disease ; the crowded sitting 
room, with its contaminated atmosphere, breathed by 
many diseased lungs ; for nothing is so essential to 
healthy and eflicient digestion as pure air and a 
plenty of it, with a cheerful spirit. 

The inv^alid should always be stimulated by the 
cheering influence of hope, and should never be 
reminded of the fatal character of his disease, which 
the crowded hotel of a watering place* is too sure to 
do. It is a fortunate thing that this disease is one 
characterized by great hopefulness, and here kind 
nature exerts her beneficial sway, counteracting the 
evil influences calculated to exert a baneful influence 
upon disease. Thanks to improved means of treat- 
ment, and a more comprehensive knowledge of the 
disease, derived from carefully recorded statistics, we 
can now remove that dread of an inevitable fate, and 
say to our patient, you are not necessarily doomed to 
suffer without relief. There are hundreds of cases 
which, to the best of our knowledge, have been 
cured. Though we are not always cognizant of the 
means, yet we believe that in most cases it has been 

*This refers to crowded winter resorts for consuraptives. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 39 

l)roiight about by an improved iiutntioii,and a proper 
attention to those hygienic measures which are in 
your power to avail yourself of. The most important 
of these is exercise commensurate with your strength ; 
and to obtain this, you must seek a climate where 
you will be enabled to take daily out-door exercise; 
one not too warm or too cold, nor too dry or too 
humid — if equable, so much the better ; but the 
changes which occur in our Southern climate may be 
counteracted by proper foresight and precautions, in 
adapting your clothing to the changes of tempera- 
ture. Let your feet be always encased in warm 
stockings and thick water-proof covering, and never 
lose your daily exercise because the ground is damp. 
Grentle exercise after eating is better than sitting 
around a warm fire; and if you keep the body 
warm by sufiScient clothing, and by exercise which 
does not fatigue, nature will perform her functions, 
and repair, by healthful digestion, the waste resulting 
from disease. To experience, however, the full 
benefit of exercise, the mind should be cheered by 
the society of a pleasant companion, or such pleas- 
ures as will serve to divert it as much aS possible 
from the contemplation of bodily suffering. If you 
have a fondness for the beauties of nature, so much 
the better ; for you will find her smiling around you 
at every step you take in the sunny climate of the 
South. In the beautiful flowers which grow in pro- 
fusion in its woods and fields, you have an endless 
source of pleasure, which diverts the mind of weary 
thought. A friend once said to me, "I beHeve the 
study of Botany saved my life, by the exercise I was 
obUged to take in its study. Often have I wan- 



40 ffiLLY Pine Region of 

dered, day after day, from breakfast to dinner, in 
search of one or two rare plants, forgetting self and 
the fears of a relentless doom, which my reason and 
the medical opinion of the time led me to believe I 
could not evade. M}^ friends were anxious, lest I 
should be fatigued by my long walks ; be attacked 
with a hemorrhage in the woods, or lose the flesh I 
had gained by too much exercise. So far from any 
injury, I acquired flesh every day ; my strength, too, 
improved with the return of each bright day, which 
enabled me to steal away with my box and book ; 
and, though my search was often unavailing, yet I 
always acquired a good appetite and digestion, and 
now it has been many years since I have known what 
a cough is. I find my desire for knowledge to in- 
crease each day. In studying the morphology of the 
vegetable world, I learned to trace causes to efl:ects, 
and to admire the wisdom of that Being who, by the 
silent manifestation of His laws, declares, in the lan- 
guage of the poet, that 



each moss, 



Each shell, each crawling insect, holds a rank. 
Important in the plan oif Him who framed 
This scale of beings,' etc. 

When I first came to the South years ago, I met 
young persons like myself, in search of relief from 
coughs, who hoped to find it in lounging around the 
boarding-house or hotels, basking in the sunshine ot 
its delightful Autumn or Winter seasons, or perhaps 
taking short strolls around the town, or short walks 
in the neighboring pine groves, to return to the hotel 
and pass the remainder of the morning in lolling in 
the porch, or resorting to a biUiard room, or some 
kind of amusement indoors. When dinner was an- 



Georgia and South Carolina. 41 

nounced, we repaired to the table crowded with 
those who were so harassed with coughing as not 
only to interfere with their own enjoyment of the 
meal, but to prevent others from doing so likewise. 
I have always thought that a certain amount of plea- 
sure at table was essential to good digestion, and 
resolved to find private quarters for myself elsewhere. 
Fortunately, I was enabled to get such through the 
kindness of a gentleman who offered me a room in 
his house and a seat at his table. In this family, for 
he was a married man, I found every attention that 
I could have desired, and in his society a most charm- 
ing and delightful companionship. To his many 
acquirements he added a thorough knowledge of the 
Botany of the country; and it was through his con- 
versation and teaching that I was induced to continue 
the study of that science, of which I soon became 
enamored." 

If others, who have both time and the means to 
pursue some branch of natural history, would only 
profit by the example of this gentleman, they, too, 
would find returning health and strength to reward 
them for their labor in the pursuit of knowledge, 
which the German philosopher and poet, Lessing, 
says, if I mistake not, '' is pleasanter than its attain- 
ment." 

To those who are fond of the sports of the field 
with dog and gun, which Hawker so beautifully 
describes, the woods and fields of the Sand Hill 
region offer great inducements. I have known two 
good shots in the neighborhood of Aiken, S. C, in 
the month of l!^ovember, to kill singly on the wing 
fifty-six partridges (or quail, as they are called North), 
3 



4^ Hilly Pine Region oP 

beside doves and rabbits to swell the imraber to 
seventy head, or thirtv-five brace. The manner of 
hunting this game is peculiar to the South. The 
sportsman mounts a horse which " stands fire," and 
rides while his dog courses around in search of game; 
when he points, the gunner dismo'ints, ties his horse 
to some hanging bough, flushes the covey, ainl pur- 
sues it until he has killed as many of the birds as he 
can find. He is thus enabled to cover a large space 
of ground in a day's hunt, without any fatigue to 
himself 

In the Spring, Summer, and early Autumn, the 
streams of this region, and the mill ponds, of which 
there are a great many, abound in trout, bream, and 
perch, which are often taken with the hook and line 
in large numbers. The trout sometimes attains to a 
large size, for I have known a celebrated Chancellor, 
as distinguished for his love of this sport as for his 
knowledge of law, who captured once, in Croft's 
pond, near Aiken, one which weighed ten pounds 
sometime after he had been caught. The bream is 
also a fine fish, affording the sportsman mucli plea- 
sure in pulling him from the water, and good eating 
afterwards. The perch is also a very fine pan fish. 
Deer and wild turkeys are found in some portion of 
these hills in the neighborhood of the water courses 
and thickets bordering on them, and many of these 
are brought to market by the country people. In 
certain localities duck shooting is ver}^ good. 

A Few Words in delation to Dietitic and 
Hygienic Mules which should be Observed 
by Invalids Coming South. 

There are many invalids who visit the Sand Hill 



Georgia and South Carolina. 43 

region of Georgia and South Carolina who are sat- 
isfied with a short ride on horseback, or a short 
stroll around the town, and think they have complied 
with the demands of their systems and the advice of 
their physicians in so doing. To such I would offer 
the following advice : Live in the open air as much 
as possible, and take such exercise as is compatible 
with your strength. A little dampness in the atmos- 
phere should never keep you in doors; a day in the 
hou>e, unless it is actually storming, will do you 
more harm than any injury you will receive by being 
in damp weather, providing your body be kept warm 
while out and dry by proper covering. I know 
several gentlemen who were supposed, and in fact 
known, to be consumptive before they entered the 
army during our recent civil war, and who assured 
me that their health improved every month that 
they were exposed to the inclemencies of the Winter 
in Virginia. It is not the bivouac and march which 
diseases the soldier, but the barrack and the camp. 
I knew many men who came into the hospital I had 
charge of during the war, who confessed that the 
life of the soldier in the field had benefited them. 
I kept a record of many of these cases, but had the 
misfortune to lose it on my homeward journey after 
the surrender of Richmond, and regret to find no 
data, referring to the influence of field service upon 
Tuberculous Phthisis, in the Sanitary Commission 
Report, published 1867. All authorities, however, 
both in and out of the profession (for there are many 
who can speak experimentally on the subject), urge 
the necessity of avoiding confinement to the house 
even at the expense of damp clothing; providing 



44 Hilly Pine Region of 

they are only warm while taking exercise. A gen- 
tleman, then in the last stage of the disease, once 
consulted me in Maryland, who stated that two years 
before he and two others had started for California 
across the plains on horseback, in company with a 
train of emigrants, by the advice of their phj^sicians, 
each of them having had hemorrhage from the lungs, 
and other unmistakable symptoms of consumption. 
He said "that the dread of dying away from his 
friends, and on the bleak plains, so acted upon his 
fears that his faith failed him, and that, like poor 
Pliable, he turned back, after being out two weeks. 
His companions, however, continued on, and are now 
both well, and carrying on their respective callings 
in the N'orth. He stated that the exposure seemed 
to benefit him, and, after the first one or two days, 
the exercise ceased to fatigue him ; and though the 
occasional showers wet his clothes, it gave him no 
inconvenience. People," he said, ''attribute the 
great improvement derived from these journeys 
across the plains to the climate, but I am inclined to 
think it is living on horseback, in the open air, 
which a man can do in any good climate." If, with 
this exercise, the patient indulges in simple but an 
amply nutritious diet, avoiding artificial stimulation 
to improve appetite, he will do well. But, above all, 
he should avoid alcoholic stimulants, excepting a 
little at each meal, for nothing is so injurious as alco- 
holic beverages on an empty stomach. I am aware 
that there is a general impression prevailing, both in 
and out of the profession, but more particularly out 
of it, that alcoholic stimulant, in some of its forms, 
is a most valuable curative means in the treatment 



Georgia and South Carolina. 45 

of Tuberculosis. To a very limited extent this is no 
doubt true, but as a general thing, to be beneficial, 
the patient must become a martyr to an evil greater 
in every respect than the disease ; for my experience 
leads me to hold to the opinion that, in the great 
majority of instances, those who prolong their lives 
by its use die martyrs to drink, only prolonging by 
this agent a life whose moral^degradation is worse 
than an early death. These remarks are not intended 
for those who use it by medical advice in moderation 
during meals, as an adjunct to the general treatment 
of deranged digestion, which in some cases cannot 
be met by any other means, perhaps. The rule for 
its use should be that observed by the physician 
when he finds it necessary in diseases attended with 
debility or prostration, viz : to discontinue its use as 
soon as he finds ii to produce feverish excitement, 
indicated by flushing of the face and inordinate 
excitement of the pulse; for these aie certain signs 
that its eftect is injurious, and that the consequent 
depression will certainly be greater than that w^hich 
preceded its use. 

I feel much hesitation in expressing such decided 
opposition to the use of a remedy of which indi- 
viduals generally deem themselves the best judges ; 
but having seen great evil resulting from its use, in 
a medical point of view, I feel constrained to express 
an opinion derived from an experience b}^ no means 
limited. If its excessive use was sure to result inva- 
riably in a cure, there would be some excuse for 
holding to it ; but since it is not only not^a specific, 
but is positively injurious in many cases, since its 
inordinate use has been known to cause Phthisis 



46 fliLLY Pine JIegion of 

where it was only suspected to exist, we are au- 
thorized to raise a question as to its benefits when 
the physical and moral evils are so great. Indeed, as 
an exciting cause of Phthisis, it is one of the 
most positive, laying the foundation of gastric de- 
bility, retarding secretion and excretion, and inter- 
fering in every w^ay with that nice balance in the 
functions of all the organs, which, like the regular 
movements of a well adjusted machine, is immedi- 
ately arrested by the breaking of a single pivot. 
That lassitude, which always supervenes upon the 
inordinate use of alcoholic beverages, is most delete- 
rious to the consumptive, since he should always 
bear in mind that he is constantly contending against 
a powerful foe, and, like a skilful general, he should 
husband all of his resources for the constant and un- 
remitting battle waged upon him. Mens sana in 
corpore sano should be the motto engraved upon the 
mind of every man, and to preserve the equable 
balance of the two requires the constant watchful- 
ness of the intelligence with which we are endowed; 
and a remed}^ so calculated to disease the one, though 
under certain conditions it may improve the other, 
makes it an agent which the conscientious man 
should use and recommend with great caution. Such 
is the responsibihty which has presented itself to me 
when I have thought its use indicated, for so insid- 
ious is the vice of drink that it seizes upon some 
constitutions like a consuming fire — suddenly and 
quickly ; while in others a larger indulgence is neces- 
sary before the habit becomes fixed, but once estab- 
lished, is sure to cling with unyielding tenacity to its 
victim. This vice of constitution, for such it becomes, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 47 

is not confined to sex nor age, moral or immoral — 
all are alike liable to become its slaves, unaware of 
the clanger, perhaps, until the eli'ort is made to 
abandon it. If the experience of ev^ery physician 
was appealed to, I have no doubt that the truth of 
the above remarks would be corroborated. As 
before stated, the objection to its use is not intended 
to apply to all cases under the advice of the medical 
attendant, but simply to point out the evils of its 
general use, under the popular impression that " a 
bttle can do no harm," and that it is invariably 
beneficial in the treatment of Pulmonary Consump- 
tion. 

Fatty Food Sometitnes Deleter ions. 

Returning again to the subject of diet : the general 
impression among consumptives is, that they should 
indulge in much fatty food. As a general rule, this 
is, perhaps, true; but in some instances fat, with 
saccharine food, is converted into butyric acid, which 
then becomes a poison to the system rather than 
nutritious, and when this is the case it should be 
abandoned as soon as the patient discovers any 
acidity of stomach to occur after eating. Antacids 
in these cases will avail nothing: the only remedy is 
to avoid the cause. Carbonate Soda and Alkalis 
are generally injurious in Phthisis, since they 
tend to increase the watery condition of the 
blood. This advice may seem out of place in a work 
intended only to show the remedial inttuence of the 
climate of our region upon Phthisis ; but the author 
feels that often-times the climate is reproached for 
its inefiiciency, when really it is not in fault, and 



48 fliLLY Pine Region of 

error in diet, or some bad habit, is constantly coun- 
teracting its beneficial and remedial influence. An- 
other reason for volunteering the above suggestion 
is, that there are many patients who, from various 
motives, prefer not consulting a resident physician, 
and thus they remain ignorant of the cause of 
deranged digestion, forgetting the fact that in a mild 
climate much fatty food is not as essential to the pro- 
cess of calorification as in a cold one, and, therefore, 
is not borne so well. 

To the wealthy class of invalids who find it neces- 
sary to visit the Southern climate every Winter, I 
would suggest that they obtain their own residences, 
build, if they can't rent them, comfor/:able to their 
ideas of comfort. A Winter villa in this climate 
may prove far more beneficial to them than a Sum- 
mer one on the Hudson or the sea shore, and when 
there is no longer occasion for it, it can be sold or 
rented without dififtculty. Were it known generally 
at the IN'orth that comfortable cottages could be rented 
for the Winter season in the town of Aiken, S. C, 
or Summerville, near Augusta, Ga., there are, no 
doubt, many families who would avail themselves of 
the opportunity cf coming South for the season, who 
are deterred from doing so by the want of such resi- 
dences. As a pecuniary investment, it would prove 
very remunerative, since building is cheap and rents 
are high. 

There is another class of sufferers from the regions 
of the Northern climate to whom I would address 
the following remarks — I mean the hard-working 
mechanic and small tradesman, who, perhaps, has 
saved a few thousand, or even a few hundred, dollars. 



Georgia and South pAi^OLmA. 4^ 

lie finds that the cold is very ti\yiiig to him ; a hack- 
ing cough, restless nights, and pains in his chest dis- 
turh him. He is induced, perhaps, to ask medical 
advnce. The phj^sician finds unmistakahle evidences 
of IMithisis in liis diminished vital capacity, acceler- 
ated pulse, gradual emaciation, shortness of breath, 
and other signs generally indicative of the disease. 
If he remains in the climate pursuing his avocation, 
the relentless destroyer will seize upon him irre- 
trievably. He cannot aftbrd to leave his family, 
abandoning his business, and carrying with him the 
savings of years of toil in search of that which he 
may not find, unless he avoids a return to his home 
and his avocations, and, therefore, he is compelled to 
stay at home, and trust to remedial means only cal- 
culated to postpone his almost certain fate if he 
remains. To this man, while not too late, the Sand 
Hill region of Georgia and C'arolina offer not only a 
home at very little cost, but greater chances of 
recovery from his disease than he can elsewhere find, 
with far greater comfort tlian he could possibly enjoy 
in a colder climate, and an abundance of every fruit 
and grain, with the assurance that if he should be 
called from this life he will leave his family a com- 
fortable home and ample means of living the 
remainder of their lives. 

In the preceding pages I have addressed myself to 
those invalids who are strong enough to avail them- 
selves of the advantages offered by this clinnxte for 
out-door exercise. When from any cause, but par- 
ticularly from advanced disease, they are unable to 
do this, the comforts of home and the consoling 
society of friends ofler them greater advantages, 
4 



50 fiiLLY Pine Region of 



probably, than they could find here, for a cliaiige of 
climate to such persons, with the attendant fatigue 
and change of habits and discomforts they may meet 
with, would be more injurious than any benefit 
from change of climate, the main advantage being 
the facility it offers for daily out-do(^r exercise in a 
dry atmosphere. 

In concluding this part of the work, I will again 
state that a permanent benefit can onl}' be hoped for 
from a permanent or very protracted residence in 
this reo^ion. The debilitatino: influence of the cli- 
mate is more imaginarj^ tliau real, for the heat, though 
more protracted, is never as great as in the Middle 
States at midsummer ; and the uiglits are, in conse- 
quence of the dry nature of the air, always very 
pleasant, and toward morning quite cool. There 
are many cases of recovery when the residence has 
been permanent, but only an amelioration when it 
has been of slu^t duration, too sure to be attended 
by a return of symptoms as soon as the same exciting 
causes which first induced the disease again come 
into play. 

For farther information in relation to the climate, 
see Article Climatology, Part Second. 

Puhnonary Constnnj>tion a Curable 
Disease. 

The question of the curability of Pulmonary Con- 
sumption is no longer one which the enlightened 
physician of the present day denies. There are 
still living, however, some old physicians, or were a 
few years ago, who are so prejudiced by preconceived 
opinions and obsolete doctrines as to say they have 



Georgia and South Carolina. 51 

never cured a case of true Phthisis in their lives, and 
deny tlie previous existence of the disease in these 
cases, which have been supposed hy the more modern 
doctor to be actual recoveries. That they have 
never relieved a case is not to be wondered at, since 
the tlrst remedial means they resort to is probably a 
cough mixture, containing squills, tartar emetic, and 
opium, to allay irritation with some mucilaginous 
preparation to lubricate the air passages, applying a 
large bUster to subdue Pleuritic inflammation, enjoin 
close conflnement to the room, if not to the bed, to 
prevent serious results from exposure with a blis- 
tered surface. This was the practice of their day. 

Thanks to improved means of research and a 
clearer knowledge of pathology of the disease, these 
fatal errors of the past and early part of the present 
century have nearly passed away with the men who 
orio-inated them. When we read of the vaunted 
specifics for consumption published to the world by 
learned professors and distinguished practitioners, 
such as Arsenic, Prussic Aci<l, Iodine, Mercury, 
C^alomel, bleeding, etc., can we be surprised at the 
influence of 8t. John Long, the school of inhalers 
now infesting the land, it id genus omne, since they 
themselves sanctioned quackery under the guise of 
science ? We may now hope, however, that as clearer 
views of the pathology of the disease have led to a 
more rational, philosophical, and far more successful 
treatment, that numy more cures will appear, and thus 
remove this ''opprobrium of medicine." 

It, therefore behooves every man in the profession 
of medicine who desires the good of his race, and 
the advancement of medical science, to add his mite 



^2 fliLLY Pine R 



EGION OF 



of knowledge to the accumulating stores of facts, 
from which it is to be hoped that some great mind 
like New^ton. in physical science, will one day an- 
nounce the true etiology of disease, a knowledge of 
which will lead to a more certain treatment of Pul- 
monary phthisis and kindred diseases, both as to 
prevention and cure. 

Though groping still in the dark, the votaries of 
medical science are slowly discovering a light here 
and there, to urge them on in the right path; and 
thought it is small and as dim even as the organic 
cell of Schwan, and the spore of Mitchell, Salis- 
bury, and others, yet it is calculated to bring joy 
and hope to the heai-t of the aged votary whose path 
has been beset by false lights and quicksands. 

It is a trite saying among the unprofessional that 
''medicine makes no advance;" that, "while other 
sciences are revealing the hidden laws of nature, 
medicine is standing still; and that diseases kill as 
surely as thej have done, or that nature, if left to 
herself, will more surely conduct the patient through 
an attack than your boasted science of medicine." 

Those wdio recollect medicine, as it w^as, may 
believe this ; but those w^ho know it as it is, know 
the accusation to be unjust, and in no case is its 
falsity more clearly proven than in the disease uiider 
consideration. The statistics of John Hughes Ben- 
nett of Edinburgh, the records of the Brompton Hos- 
pital, London; and many writers, clearly show nu- 
merous cases of recover}^ under the more rational and 
philosophical treatment, and each day is adding to 
the number of recoveries and escapes from this fell 
destroyer of civilized man ; so that we may hope that 



Georgia and South Carolina. 33 

the day is not fur distant when our knowledge will 
become so positive as to enable us to restore lost 
confidence in our art, and persuade mankind to adopt 
a more rational mode of life, based upon known 
hygienic laws. 

That our present artificial mode of life, with its 
cares and anxieties, its mental and physical lal)or, 
the w^ear and tear of mind and body incident thereto, 
are greatly conducive to Phthisis, there can be no 
question. 

The l^orth American Indian, we are informed by 
Rush, was entirely exempt from this disease until he 
adopted the habits and vices of the white man (the 
great exponents of civilization) ; and though we can- 
not possibly adopt his habits and customs, yet we 
may imitate his virtues, and learn a lesson from his 
habits which may aid us materially in consummating 
so great an object as the mitigation of a disease 
which, to a great extent, has grown out of the customs 
and habits of civihzation. The Indian knew nothing 
of alcoholic stimulants. His food was obtained by 
the chase, wliich he followed on foot with the speed 
of the dog; his lungs were thus duly expanded, and 
his l)lood pi'operly aerated. With closed mouth and 
head erect, he w^ould run for miles in pursuit of the 
deer, w^ounded by the shaft his own strong arm had 
launched. When he sought repose from his fatiguing 
chase, there were no anxieties or fears of ruin and 
the contumely of his race to disturb the sleep, which 
the man of civilization too often seeks in vain upon 
his downy pillow in his illy-ventilated chamber. 
There are evils, it may be said, which are incidental 
to, and inseparable from, society as at present organ- 
ized ; and who can escape from them, unless he is 



54 Hilly Pine Region op 

willing to abandon everj'thing wliicli makes life a 
blessing ? This is certainly a forcible argument, bnt 
the query is not unanswerable ; for every man has it 
in his power to resist the evil influences he too often 
yields a willii g assent to, until he is reminded of his 
thoughtlessness by diseased action in his own system. 
The first premonitions of decay are unheeded; he 
goes on from day to day, conlining himself to the 
wearing exertions of business ; his stores of wealth 
are increasing from month to mouth, but he has not 
yet enough of wordly goods to satisfy his wants. 
That word ''enough," which has been defined, very 
truly, to mean "a little more than au}^ man has," is 
never realized, and thus he pursues the ignus fatuus 
until he hnds himself standing alone upon the dark 
boundaries of another world, where his wealth can 
avail him nothing. This desire of wealth, this strain- 
ing ever}^ nerve to attain it, is one of the most pro- 
lific causes of consumption, the first premonitions of 
which come in time to ward off the danger, had the 
advice of science been heeded, in the abandonment 
of business and retirement for rest and recuperation 
in a genial climate and less confining avocations. 

Tliat Pulmonary Consumption is a disease of the 
blood, no one with our present light will deny ; and 
herein lies the difficulty of its removal. But yet it 
is not incurable ; and though not amenable to drug 
medication, yet, by restoring faulty nutrition, we 
place the system in a condition to aid materially in 
its own restoration. By what means is this to be 
attained ? We answer, by cutting off, if possible, 
the causes which brought about the disease. If our 
houses are badly ventilated, as most of them are in 
very cold climates, improve them. If our business 



Georgia and South Carolina, 



eonliiies ns in-doors, walk or ride, not drive in a close 
carriage, to our place of business. Appropriate cer- 
tain portions of the da}^ to out-door exercise; let 
our diet he plain, hut nutritious, and leisurely eaten. 
To a henlthy man, wine, beer, aiul brandy, in ever 
so small a quantity, are injurious to ninety-lnne in a 
hundred, b}' retarding excretion and seci'ction. Coffee 
and tea, though less stimulating, are suilicientl}' so, 
and very nutritious and prophylactic against disease. 
Tol)acco destroys the life of any animal when used 
too freely, and no man who lias learned its use can 
forget the deadly sickness wdiich supervened at first 
upon its use. 

Late hours rob nature of that repose slie re(piires 
to restore functional activity and organic integrity. 

Cares and anxieties, though they are inseparable 
from our existence, are oftener created l)y artificial 
than natural wants. 

Incentives to excitement are oftener sought after 
than avoided. 

Lust arrays herself in voluptuous beauty to excite 
our too willing senses, and we run to, rather than fly 
from, her fasciiuiting and enervating embraces; and 
thus, appetite, by indulgence, comes to feed upon 
itself, until satiety or disease destroys the power of 
enjoyment. These are all exciting causes of this 
disease, and terrible aggravators when once devel- 
oped. 

Li Europe, and in the large cities of our own 
country, there are medical men who devote them- 
selves to the study of special diseases, and conse- 
quently they l)ecome famihar with every phase and 
form they assume, on account of tlie great nund)er of 



56 MiLLY Pine R 



EGION OF 



cases presented to tlicir observation, both in private 
and hospital practice. They thns learn to discern 
these diseases in their incipiency, and study them 
from day to day in their progress toward recovery or 
death. The wide-spread and fatal influence of Pul- 
monary Consumption has made it a speciality with 
some of the greatest and most original minds in tlie 
medical profession, and through the results of their 
experience, published in their many works on the 
subject, do we draw our conclusions as to pathology 
and treatment. 

Unless there be something radically wrong in the 
constitution of our minds, which leads us to select 
error rather than truth, we cannot deny the force of 
their deductions if they be based upon known truths. 
We are, therefore, constrained to admit the proba- 
bility of their statements, unless we condemn them 
in toto, and accuse them of falsifying facts, which 
would be simply absurd, to say nothing of the injus- 
tice of such an accusation. But, when these deduc- 
tions are sustained by the results of post mortem 
examinations, witnessed by many, and corroborated 
by tlie statements of third parties, or perhaps the 
known history of the case, obtained from distatit 
practitioners, we certainly cannot be accused of cre- 
dulity in beheving their statements, particularly 
when w^e daily see under our very eyes corrobo- 
rating cases. Hence, we believe in the 

Spontaneous Cure of JPhfJiisis^ 

By which is meant a removal of the symptoms 
and signs of the disease, by some agency unknown 
to the individual or physician, restoring the lung to 



Georgia and South Carolina. 57 

its healthy play. That this oftener occurs is a 
fixmihar fact to the student of morbid anatomy, who 
constantly finds evidence indisputable of the spon- 
taneous cure of Pulmonary Consumption in the 
cicatrices, found in the lungs surrounded by the 
pliosphatic concretions so common in Phthisis, which, 
having healed, and leaving a large portion of healthy 
lung to the patient, who, having died of some other 
disease, thus yielded testimony as to the curability 
of this disease. In fact, all organic diseases, in the 
language of Hues Bennett, ''occasionally presented 
a tendency to spontaneous cure;" who farther says: 

He was repeatedly meeting with instances where, 
although deatli was occasioned by disease in one organ, 
there were others which presented traces of previously 
existing lesions, which in some way had healed. In no 
organs were such more common than in the lungs, and 
of no disease was evidence of a spontaneous cure more 
frequent than of Pulmonary Tuherculosis. 

The author endeavors to show, what is now gen- 
erally acted upon by the intelligent and judicious 
physician, viz : 

That Tuberculose disease will heal of itself, if the 
faulty nutrition be remedied. 

2d. That, with this object, our efforts should be 
directed to the digestive rather than the respiratory 
system ; and 

3d. That the kind of abnormal nutrition which exists 
is dependent on increased assimilation of the fatty por- 
tions of the food. 

Hence, he recommends that the general plan of 
treatment should be to cause the reception of the 
deficient elements of nutrition, and is, therelbre, not 
tonic or stimulating, but "analeptic or restorative." 

Dr. J. Hues Bennett is entitled to the credit of 
having first acted upon these principles, and of iutro- 
5 



38 Hilly Pine |Iegion o^ 

ducing from Germany the treatment of Phthisis 
with Cod Liver oil, and of estahlishing the pathology 
upon which it is administered. 

That this is a disease arising from a vitiated devel- 
opment of cells, there is now, I helieve, no question; 
proven by the researches of Claude Bernard, but 
more particularly Muller. They state that this 
vitiated development arises from an abnormal con- 
dition of the blastema. It is absolutely necessary 
that the blastema should contain glycose, albumen, 
and fat, and the absence of any one of these, in the 
language of Bernard, " is an inseparable barrier to 
cell evolution." 

This, then, being the accepted pathology of Tu- 
bercle, the indications of treatment naturally adopted 
should be to place the patient under the most favor- 
able condition for the maintenance of all the func- 
tions, and more particularly that of the digestive 
organs and skin, so intimately connected with the 
respiratory process through its supplementary action. 
The impairment of this latter function may be caused 
by several agencies, of which humidity is one of the 
principal, which fact has been adduced in a previous 
page. 

There are many facts in the history of Pulmonary 
Consumption which lead us to infer that the first 
link in the chain of morbid actions is faulty diges- 
tion and ultimately defective haematosis, and lastly, 
to defective cell evolution, as already shown. 

The importance of maintaining the integrity of 
the digestive function is, therefore, self-evident, and 
we should, consequently, caution our patients against 
the use of vaunted specifics, and the thousand and 



pEOtiGlA AND South Carolina. 59 

one cough mixtures, so commonly used even in this 
day of clear pathological views by those who have 
never taken the pains to inform themselves of the 
accepted pathology and treatment of the disease, and 
who counteract, by these mixtures, the very condi- 
tion the intelUgent physician is endeavoring to bring 
out, viz : healthy digestion. 

Dr. Bennett says, with respect to the curability of 
Phthisis : 

I have conversed with most of the distinguished 
physicians in this country and on the continent, and 
tind that they are ail enabled to refer to cases which 
they are even satisfied have undergone a permanent 
recovery, even where cavities have existed in the lungs, 
and all the advanced symptoms of the disease have 
been present. Page 51. Ed. 1853 : Edinburgh. 

And again, page 77 : 

It follows, from all the information I have been able 
to collect, that that climate is best which will enable 
the patient to pass a few hours every day in the open 
air, without exposure to cold or vicissitudes of temper- 
ature on the one hand, or excessive heat on the other. 
Wherever such a favored locality may be found during 
the Winter and Spring months, its advantages should 
be considered as dei>endent on exercise, and on the 
stimulus given to the nutritive functions, etc. 

Such a cHmate, we propose to show, exists in the 
Sand Hill region of South Carolina and Georgia. 

In the selection of a residence for the Pulmonary 
sufferer, we would, before considering the climatic 
peculiarities of such a region, first and naturally 
inquire whether Pulmonary Consumption existed to 
any extent in it among the native population. The 
fact of this comparative exemption of our region we 
hope to show — first, by quotations from writers ou 



6o 



Hilly Pine Region oti^ 



the subject; second, by letters from resident physi- 
cians of hio:h standini^: and Ions: residence in the 
locaUty; and third, by non-professional, but experi- 
mental, sufferers, who, having themselves experi- 
enced the benefit, are desirous of giving others the 
advantage of their experience. 

In the September number of De Bovfs Jievieiv, 
1866, page 27, in speaking of the Sand Hill climate 
of South Carolina, but more particularly that of the 
neighborhood of Aiken, S. C, which differs very 
little, if at all, from that of the northeastern portion 
of these Hills in Georgia, this paragrapli occurs : 

FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

In regard to the benefieial effects of the climate, your 
eoiTimittee can s])eak from personal knowledge as well 
as from observation of its effects, as sevei*al have been 
induced to locate here on account of ill health, cither of 
themselves or some member of their Axmily, and most 
cheerfully do they bear testimony to the good result. 
Many eminent medical ])ractitioners who are acquainted 
with this locality, as J)r. Dickson, of Philadelphia, Dr. 
Geddings, of Charleston, and others, recommend their 
consumptive patients to try this climate. 

And again, page 27, fourth paragraph : 

The reputation of Aiken is not based on a few isolated 
cases, but on the fact that hundreds of invalids, in 
various stages of their several complaints, have been 
benefited by a residence here. Not that all have been 
cured, but that very many have been relieved. 

Dr. Amony Coffin, a resident physician of the 
town of Aiken for twenty years, wliose experience 
in this disease is surpassed by no one, has written a 
very excellent article on the influence of the climate, 
published at length by Kev. John Cornish, Rector 
of St. Thaddeus' Church (Episcopal), Aiken, S. C, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 6i 

ill a little pamphlet, entitled •' A Home for Invalid 

Clergymen,'' says : 

That this dryness, and consequent purity of air, acts 
beneficially on persons affected with such diseases of 
debility as are typified by Tuberculosis, can only be 
proved experimentally by the cases of thousands who 
have been materially benefited by a sojourn here. 

In an article published in the Confederate States 
Medical and Siirr/ical Journal, Kichmond, Va., IN'o- 
veniber, 1864. by Dr. E. S. Gaillard, now of Louis- 
ville, Ky., in relation to the climate of Aiken, he 
thus sums up its distinguishing characteristics, which 
are : 

Its peculiar dryness of atmosphere, its temperate and 
equable temperature, its freedom from sudden violent 
atmospheric changes, and absence of frost for two-thirds 
of the year; its freedom from fogs and malarial dis- 
eases, and the general prevalence of soft southern and 
southeasterly breezes. 

Dr. L. A. Dugas, wdiose reputation as a writer, 
lecturer, and practitioner, should give great weight to 
his views, and who has enjoyed an extensive practice 
in this region for many years, has been kind enough 
to send me the following letter : 

Augusta, Ga., January 2, 1869. 
Dr. 8 E. Habersham: 

Dear 8ir— In a note recently received from you, 1 
tind the following request: *'Will you do me the favor 
to give me the results of your experience and observa- 
tion as to the influence exerted by this climate upon 
Tubercular Consumption and kindred diseases?" I will 
endeavor to make my reply as l)rief as possible. 

Having commenced the practice of my ]>rofession in 
1831, after s])en(ling several years in preparing myself 
for it in the cohler sections of our country, and in 
Europe, where Tubercular affections and Typhoid Fever 
constitute a great majority of the cases treated in hos- 



62 Willy JPine Region of 



pitals, I was very soon forcibly impressed with the 
rarity of those diseases in this section, in comparison 
with what I had seen elscAvhere. Indeed, some six or 
seven years elapsed before I saw the first case of 
genuine Typhoid Fever, when this form of fever first 
began to show itself here. I need scarcely add that 
since that time Typhoid Fever has gradually invaded 
and extended over all the Southern States. Tubercu- 
losis in its various forms, and especially Phthisis Pul- 
monalis, was scarcely ever seen, except in those who 
fled from the North in order to escape it, and among 
the negroes imported from Maryland and Virginia, 
where they had inherited the tendency. Such a radical 
change in the field of my observation could not fail to 
attract my attention, and to impress me as before 
stated. 

In 1836, I had occasion to examine the mortuary 
records of the city sexton as far back as they could be 
found, for the purpose of preparing an article on the 
subject for the Southern 3Iedical and Surgical Journal^ 
published in this city. The result of this, as well as of 
subsequent researches, furnishes a striking confirmation 
of the correctness of my impressions. 

It seems to me that the best test of the influence of 
climate upon the development of Tuberculosis must be 
found in the relative frequency of such cases among 
the natives of this and of other sections who remain at 
home. Judged by this standard, it will be readily ascer- 
tained that, while Phthisis Pulmonalis is very common 
in our Northern States among the natives, it is quite 
rare here among our own people. I knoAV of very few 
native families in Augusta who have ever suff'ered from 
consumption, and these have ordy lost one or two mem- 
bers by it. I doubt that there are exceeding ten fami- 
lies who have been thus even jiartially aftected within 
my recollection. 

Again, if we confine our observation aloTie to those 
who have emigrated from the north of the United 
States and from Europe, it will be found that, although 
many bear with them the hereditary taint, compara- 
tively few will experience its fatal development. The 
couclusion is, therefore, irresistibly forced upon us that 



Georgia and South Carolina. 63 



this climate does exert a most beneficial influence over 
this class of affections. 

Is there any difference in the several sections of 
Georgia with regard to this comparative immunity from 
Phthisis ? There is a marked difference. I find that 
in 1852 I made the folloAving remarks in an editorial 
article of the journal above alluded to (p. 636) : 

" The value of a removal to the South, of persons 
affected in the Northern States with consumption, has 
been heretofore very generally admitted ; but it is now 
asked whether much, if any, advantage is to be derived 
from spending merely the Winter months at the South, 
and returning to the North in the Spring ; and it is 
added that if a temjierate atmosphere be all that is 
needed, this ma}^ be obtained in New England by means 
of a well regulated system of artificial heat. We be- 
lieve it to be an error to suppose that the Southern 
States owe their immunity from Phthisis alone to the 
mihiness of their Winters. If such were the fact, all 
mild climates ought to be equally exempt, and all cold 
latitudes alike unfavorable. Yet, Phthisis is much more 
common u]>on the seaboard, and in the mountainous dis- 
tricts of the Southern States, than at intermediate 
points, and it is comparatively rare in the northern 
portions of Canada and Russia ; whilst it makes fright- 
ful havoc in milder England, France, and our Northern 
States. 

" That a temporary sojourn in the Southern States is 
advantageous, we doubt not ; but that a permanent 
residence is still more so, we feel quite certain. Every 
pi-actitioner of experience, and who is acquainted with 
the means of accurately determining the state of the 
lungs, must have often observed how wonderfully large 
abscesses will heal here, which would have certainly 
j)roved fatal in a less genial climate. The writer knows 
persons in this State who had tubercular abscesses as 
long as twenty years ago, which healed kindly, and 
have left them ever since in the enjoyment of appa- 
rently good health. That all are not equally fortunate, 
is too true ; yet, we feel assured that it is only by 
remaining in the South, both Summer and Winter, suffi- 
ciently long to acquire the peculiarities of a Southern 
constitution, that lasting benefit may be expected. The 



64 Hilly Pine Region of 

best locations arc obviously those in which the disease 
originates most rarely, and these are unqiiestionjibly to 
be found midway between the mountains and seaboard." 

This favored belt commences at the termination of 
the primitive region, where the rivers of the Atlantic 
slope tumble over the last ledges of granite rocks — that 
is to say, at Augusta, Minedgeville, Macon, and Colum- 
bus, and varies from thirty to sixty miles in width below 
the shoals. 

The so-called Sand Hills, Avith pine forests, which 
characterize this belt, are only a few hundred feet 
above the sea; are sup[)lied with j)ure water, and have 
a healthy atmosphere, peculiarly ada])ted to those 
threatened with or suffering from Pulmonary disease. 
I must say, however, that some cases do better in the 
valley of Augusta than upon the adjjicent heights, and 
vice versa. Why this is so I cannot determine. 

Yours, very truly, L. A. DUGAS. 



Georgia and South Cae^olina. 65 



Part Second. 

Clhnatoloijy, 

The following ssketch of the climatology of this 
region has been prepared with much care and 
research, from such reliable data as could be made 
available, and particularly that of the Meteorological 
Register, kept at the U. S. Arsenal, near Augusta, 
Ga., by the officers of the Medical Staff at that [)ost. 
This register contains a series of uninterrupted daily 
thermonietrical observations, made at sunrise, 9 
o'clock a. m., 3 o'clock p. m., and 9 o'clock p. m., 
for twenty years, including three of the severest 
Winters and hottest Summers wdthin the memory of 
the oldest inhabitants; and being made at about the 
centre of the Sand Hill region, gives, without doubt, 
the most reliable information to be obtained from any 
source. 

This lV)st occupies the most elevated point along 
the whole line of these Hills, save that of the plateau 
upon which stands the town ol Aiken, in South 
Carolina, and oifers, perhaps, tlie most eligible posi- 
tion for observing the currents of air so easily 
diverted from their general direction by irregulari- 
ties of surface. 

The summary of these observations show the 
mean average temperature of the year to be 64^ 



66 MiLLY Pine Region of 

Fall.; and the mean monthly temperature to be, for 
the month of January, 46°-7 ; February, 50°-7 ; 
March, 58°-8; ^pril, 65°-l; May, 72°-2; June, 79°; 
July, 80°-9 ; August, 79°-7 ; September, 72°-8 ; Oc- 
tober, 63°-5; November, 53°8; December, 4t)°-3 
Fah.; and the mean temperature for the four seasons 
to be, for the Spring, 65°-3; Summer, 79°-9; Autumn, 
63°-4; Whiter, 47°-9 Fah. 

I^'eclpitatiou of Rain. 

From the same data, we estimate tlie mean annual 
to be 37.17 inches, and the mean monthly for Jan- 
uary, 1.80 inches; February, 1.92 inch.; Marcb, 3.79 
inch.; April, 2.46 inch.; May, 4.42 inch.; June, 3.91 
inch.; July, 4.62 inch.; August, 5.61 inch.; Septem- 
ber, 2.10 inch.; October, 3.23 inch.; November, 1.16 
inch.; December, 2.21 inch. 

For the tour seasons, viz : Spring, 10.16 inches; 
Summer, 14.14 inches; Autumn, 6.95 inches; Win- 
ter, 5.92 inches. 

Mean number of fair days per year, 238; cloudy 
days, 127; rainy days, 70; snow about two days in 
three years. 

General direction of the winds for the four seasons: 
Spring, northwest and southwest; Summer, south 
and southwest, varying to south; Autumn, north, 
northwest, and southwest; Winter, south, south- 
west, west, northwest, and north. 

If we compare the above thermal data with Iso- 
thermal lines, as projected by Humboldt, we find that 
it places our Winter on the Isothermal of Spain, 
South of France, and Northern Italy ; while our 



Georgia and South Carolina. 67 

Summer corresponds to that of the South of Spain 
and Italy, Sicily, and South Greece. This is also 
proven by the similarity in the vegetable productions 
of these regions. 

In estimating the value of any climate in relation 
to its influence upon Pulmonary Consumption, its 
prevailing winds have a very important bearing, 
since they not only modify temperature, but also the 
hygrometrical condition of the atmosphere, the damp- 
ness of easterly winds, and the warmth in Winter of 
a southerly wind, is proverbial on the eastern coast 
and slopes of North America. According to the 
received opinion among American Meteorologists, 
the southern and southwesterly winds in our Sum- 
mer seasons are the great hydrauHc })Owers which 
supply the whole eastern portion of our continent 
with the humidity, wliich, acted upon by the pre- 
vailing serial current from the West, said to blow 
uninterruptedly across the continent, produces the 
various hygrometrical conditions of the climate. 

The Summer showers of this region generally 
come from the ^N^orthwest and West, being produced 
in part by the condensation of the surtace vapor 
acted upon by the above-mentioned westerly cur- 
rent, which, having parted with much of its heat in 
crossing the Rocky Mountains, is ever in a condition 
to condense the warmer vapor of our region into 
storm clouds, which pour upon our vegetation their 
refreshing and life - sustaining showers. These 
showers are generally attended with loud detona- 
tions of thunder, and other electrical [►henomena, 
and generally follow several days of greater than 
usual warmth of the atmosphere. 



68 



Willy Pine Region of 



The heat of our Summer temperature is very 
much exaggerated by strangers from more northern 
latitudes, who fly at the first approach of the warm 
w^eather of Spring; but those who remain among us 
often express much surprise at the mildness of the 
climate in this respect, since, though more pro- 
tracted, the thermometer never shows at midsummer 
as high a range as in more northern regions of the 
temperate zone of this continent. 

During the warm season, as soon as the sun acts 
with sufficient force to set in motion the surface 
atmosphere, a southerly breeze springs up, and con- 
tinues until a few hours after sunset, when the e(jui- 
librium of the atmosphere and terrestrial temperature 
is established by radiation. Tlius does the cool 
breeze in the day, which often obtains a velocity of 
ten or twelve miles an hour, and the radijition at 
night preserve a most pleasant and agreeal)le tem- 
perature ; as an evidence of which, sun strokes, so 
common at the IS'orth, never occur here, and often at 
night a l)lanket is found (]uite conducive to comfort. 
Beside this prevalence of a pleasant Summer t-em- 
perature, we generally have a season of cool, cloudy, 
and damp w^eather about the middle of August, 
which lowers very much the average temperature of 
the season. 

The moditying inliuence of forests upon tempera- 
ture and humidity is acknowledged to be very great 
since, independent of the inliuence of foliage in 
shading the soil from the direct rays of the sun, its 
color absorbs much of the white rays of the sun; 
while, at the same time, it altbrds humidity to the 
atmosphere by the evaporation which goes on from 



Georgia and South Ca^olika. 69 

the surface of the leaves ; and thus they serve 
the double purpose of modifiers of temperature 
by the protection they afford, and the evaporat- 
ing surfjice thej^ present. This hygrometic influence 
is particularly manifest where the pine predomi- 
nates over every other growth, the leaves of which, 
from their peculiar conformation, are not so well 
adapted to this hygrometic function as are the 
broader leaved oaks, etc.; and to this character of 
forest may we partially attribute the dryness of the 
Sand Hill climate. 

The character of the soil contributes materially to 
this condition, since it has been shown by the experi- 
ments of Scheibler that loose sand absorbs from 60 
to 96 per cent, of water; and, as it is thus removed 
from the surface, evaporation is much reduced. 
Thiw is particularly the case with our sandy soil, 
which, coupled with the open nature of the pine 
forest, the great elevation of its foliage above the 
surface of the land, enables us to appreciate the 
influence of this drying power of the sun upon a 
soil so exposed to its action. Tn consequence of this 
atmospheric dryness, resulting from these various 
causes, the dew point is very low, and consequentl}^ 
heavy dews are never known, and fogs are rarely 
seen. Another effect of atmospheric dryness is 
increased radiation, so that the nights of this region 
are generally cool and bracing, as l)efore stated, even 
when the days are warmest, and thus the system is 
braced up by refreshing sleep. 

If we compare the preceding climatic condition? 
with those of other places, particularly the localities 
recommended by tliC European physicians in the 



70 j4iLLY ^iNE Region op 

South of France and Spain, we find a remarkable 
similitude in many respects. Let us take Pau, for 
instance, which is within forty-eight hours' ride of 
London, and w^hich is very popular among the 
English and many of our own people, where the 
season commences in the beginning of November 
and continues until the end of May, with only a few 
degrees difference in the mean yearly temperature, 
and those of the four seasons. The average rain 
precipitation is rather in our favor, while the rainy 
days are greatly in excess of ours, corresponding to 
our cloudy days. In soil there is a very near resem- 
blance with respect to its absorbing power of water. 
Sir J. Clark thus describes the characteristics of this 
Y)lace : 

Calmness, moderate cold, bright sunshine of consid- 
erable power, a dry state of the atmosphere and soil, 
and rains of short duration. 

A more accurate description of our climate could 

not be written ; but he goes on to say : 

Against these must be placed ehangeableness, the tine 
weather being as short-lived as the bad ; rapid varia- 
tions of temperature within moderate limits. In Sum- 
mer and Spring there are heavy rains. The air in De- 
cember, January, and February is dry, and out of the 
sun cold; but even in these months the rays of the 
latter are so powerful that the pedestrian ought to pro- 
tect his head with an umbrella. There are a very few 
days on Avhich the invalid will be unable to take exer- 
cise between 12 and 3 o'clock. 

The changeableness of our climate, like that of 
Pau, is within moderate limits; but our fine weather 
in Spring and Winter is not short-lived, and there is 
very rarely a day through the whole Winter, from 
November to April, when a patient may not exer- 



Georgia and Sootm Carolina. ^i 

else ill the open air, never requiring an umbrella 
against the rays of the sun. Our North and West 
winds, which are cold winds, as all i\mericans know, 
are not generally over ten or twelve miles an hour, 
excepting in the month of March, and occasionally 
in February, when they are unpleasantly free, in 
open places; but against these winds the forests 
afford shelter, and once in the wood, they cease to 
be disagreeable. If we compare the last two places 
with the data before us, the advantage is decidedly 
in favor of the Sand Hill region of Georgia and 
South Carolina, since it has been shown in a pre- 
vious portion of this work that this climate is 
exempt from any deleterious influence upon the 
health of its inhabitants during two-thirds of the 
year. When there is much debility, with profuse 
expectoration, accompanied by large cavities, it is 
probable that the climate of Summer may pi-ove 
injurious to a IS'orthern constitution, though this is 
by no means an established fact. 

In using the term dryness, with respect to our cli- 
mate, we mean it only in a relative sense, as com- 
pared to that of the sea coast and mountain region, 
since the wet and dry bulb thermometers seldom 
indicate a greater ditference, even in a long spell of 
dry weather in Summer, than 18° or 20° Fah. Salt 
never deliquesces, leather seldom moulds, and surgi- 
cal instruments rarely rust from humidity in the 
atmosphere. The long gray moss (Tillandsia Usne- 
oides), which grows only where there is humidity, 
cannot be grown here; and the Fungi of moderately 
damp localities are never found, save on the large 
streams, or in the immediate neighborhood of 



^Q ffiLLY Pine Regiok op 

swamps. The rain chart of the Army Meteorologi- 
cal Register shows this region to be within the area 
of moderate rains, and the favorable seasons for 
cotton and maize crops clearly prove the climate 
exempt from those long protracted seasons of rain 
and storms which injure it in other regions. 

In the preparation of the preceding sketch, I have 
found it impossible to procure barometerical data of 
sufficient value to warrant its insertion, which neces- 
sarily renders this summary imperfect. I trust, how- 
ever, that its usefulness will not be mucli impaired 
b}' this omission, and tliat tlie physician, as well as 
the agriculturist, will find in it sufficient and reliable 
information for tlieir respective uses. 

Phys leal Geograjyhy, 

A perfect description of the surface of any region 
of country can only be given from a thorough knowl- 
edge of its topography, acquired from actual surveys 
and drawings of the same. Did w^e have access to 
such drawings, it would be incompatible with the 
scope and interest of our work to enter such minu- 
tiae, since our oidy object is to preseiit, in as succinct 
and clear manner as possible, the general character- 
istics of tlie topography of the Sand Hill region in 
the two States, which will be seen to embrace an 
extensive area. 

Commencing at the falls in the Savannah river? 
five miles al)0ve the city of Angusta, where the Sand 
Hills proper commence in this State (Georgia), and 
following a line corresponding to the present ocean 
boundary, we have an arc of a circle, the chord of 
which extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly 



Georgia and South Carolina. 75 

direction. This chord marks the general direction 
which tlie Sand Hills take in this State (Georgia), 
viz : southwest and northeast, with an average width 
of thirty miles, more or less; bounded on the north- 
west by the red clay hills of the primitive geological 
region, and on the southeast by the tertiary region, 
covered with the long leaved pine (Pinus Australus). 

Taking the Savannali river at Augusta as our point 
of departure, and following the arc above described 
for perhaps fifty miles, we reach the great Ogeechee 
river. The country lying between these two rivers, 
on this line, is elevated some four or five hundred 
feet above the sea level, and is broken into many 
ridges and hi 11a, through which the rivers and creeks, 
which take their rise in the primitive geological 
region, flow, to unite w^ith their respective rivers 
flowing from the Piedmont region; while many 
smaller streams and rivulets which spring from the 
base of these hills and elevations, show themselves 
in the long ravines which separate the ridges. This 
description of the land lying between the Savannah 
and Ogeechee rivers corresponds with that between 
the Ogeechee and Oconee, Oconee and Ocmulgee, 
and the latter and Flint river. 

Dr. Joseph Jones, in his topographical description 
of the country around Americus, in Sumter county, 
Georgia, published in the Medical Keport of the 
IT. S. Sanitary Commission, 18G7, thus describes tlie 
Sand Hills of that part of the State : 

Andersonvillc (near Americus), with the snrroinuling 
hills, iiichuliiig the Confederate military prison, is 
elevated from three hundred and fifty to four hundred 
and thirty-five feet al)Ove the level of the ocean, and is 
situated in Sumter county, Georgia, between the Flint 
6 



74 MiLLY Pine j< 



EGION OF 



and Chattahoochee rivers, seven miles due west of the 
former, and forty-two miles east of the latter, in about 
32° 10' north latitude, and 38° 26' west longitude, near 
the commencement of the western slope of the dividing 
ridge, between the streams flowing southwesterly in 
the Gulf of Mexico, and those flowing southeasterly 
into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Fort Valley, twenty miles northeast of Anderson- 
ville, at an elevation of Ave hundred and thirt}' feet, 
lies upon the west of the ridge running between the 
Ocmulgee and Flint rivers ; the former uniting with the 
Oconee, and forming the Altamaha, empties into the 
Atlantic Ocean, and the latter, uniting with the Chat- 
tahoochee and forming the Apalachicola river, pours its 
waters into the Gulf of Mexico. From this dividing 
ridge the country slopes towards the Atlantic on the 
southeast, and towards the Gulf of Mexico on the south- 
west. 

The summit of the hill at Andersonville, upon which 
the Confederate States General Hospital has been 
located, is four hundred and thirty-flve feet above the 
level of the sea, and, according to the railroad survej', 
is next to the highest point on the railroad between 
Oglethorpe and Albany — the highest point between 
them being about four hundred and eight^^ and six- 
tenths feet. High table land, with an average eleva- 
tion of about four hundred and sixty feet, lies between 
Andersonville and Americus, the highest being four 
hundred and eighty and six-tenths feet. 

The following are the elevations above the level of 
the sea at several points above Andersonville : Railroad 
depot, three hundred and ninety-nine feet ; hill opposite 
depot, four hundred and eighty feet, etc. The hills of 
this rolling country in and around Andersonville var}^ 
in height from forty to one hundred and eighty feet 
above the level of the water courses. 

This region, as above described by Dr. Jones, 
terminates the Sand Hill region in Georgia on its 
western boundary. 

Returning again to our point of departure on the 
Savannah river, and taking a northeasterly direction, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 75 

we pass over the sume character of hills and ridges 
through which the Saluda, Wateree, Great Pedee» 
and minor rivers flow, and, like the rivers in Georgia, 
form rapids in their course upon rocky heds of 
chlorite slate, gneiss, etc. 

We thus see tliat this line of hills passes through 
South Carolina, in a northeasterly direction, a])Out 
one hundred miles from the sea, and nearly halfway 
hetween the ocean and Blue Kidge mountains, pos- 
sessiiig all the characteristics of the Georgia ridge, 
so accurately described in Dr. Jones' report of its 
southwestern terminus. 

The direction of the slcpe from this elevated 
region towards the Atlantic is in a southeasterly 
direction, with a fall of ahout two feet to tlie mile 
from the base of the ridge, which, but for the tortu- 
ous course of the streams flowing to the ocean, would 
give too rapid a current for profitable steamboat navi- 
gation. 

The larc^e rivers which take their rise in the Blue 
Bidge mountains and Piedmont region are, in the 
Winter and Spring seasons, very turbid with the 
w^ashings from the red clay hills of the primitive 
geological region. This is also the case with the 
smaller streams w^hich originate in the red clay 
region, but the water of the smaller, springing from 
the Sand Hills, is clear, and in Winter affords excel- 
lent drinking water. These smaller or spring streams 
fall rapidly from their sources, so that some of them, 
not more than ten or twelve miles long, have as man}' 
as eight or ten saw and grist mills upon them. In 
some portions of their course, flats of variable width 
occur, in which the lands are naturally quite produc- 



76 Hilly Pine Region of 

tive ; while in the valleys of the largest rivers, which 
are very extensive, large crops of cotton and maize 
are made. In the Spring, Winter, and Autumn 
months, these valleys are occasionally overflowed 
from mountain rains, when a rich deposit of surface 
soil is left, increasing very materially the productive- 
ness of the land. 

The maximum height of this elevated ridge is 
supposed to be reached at the United States 
Arsenal, near Augusta, Georgia, and estimated 
to be, by survey, three hundred and fifty feet 
above the low water mark of the Savannah 
river at Augusta, and three hundred and twenty- 
seven feet above the plane upon which the cit}' 
stands, or about six hundred feet above \he sea 
level. From this summit the land slopes, gradually 
at first, for about one mile, and more rapidly for six 
hundred yards, until it reaches the plane. Upon the 
eastern slope of the Sand Hills stands the town 
of Sunmierville. The valley at the base of this, 
ridge extends along the banks of the Savannah 
river, which makes a semi-circular bend at this 
point about ten miles, more or less, as far as Butler's 
creek on the south, with an aveiage width of about 
two miles and a half. 

Returning again to the Arsenal, we find the land 
gradually sloping in a westerly direction until it 
reaches the red clay lands, with which it gradually 
blends some eight or ten miles distant. Eae's creek, 
which washes the base of the Snmmerville ridge, 
seems to separate the sandy from the clay formation, 
is, by actual measurement, three hundred feet 
below tlie summit, one mile and a quarter in a 
northerly direction. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 77 

From the Savaniiali river tit Hamburg, the hills 
rise precipitately for a])ont two hundred and ten 
feet; then gradually, until they reach their maxi- 
mum of six hundred feet at the Aikeu plateau, 
South Carolina, distant sixteen miles by rail from 
Augusta, and from thence, in a northeasterly direc- 
tion, they very gradually lose elevation, according to 
the best information I can get on the subject. 

This whole region, extending from the eastern 
boundary of South Carolina to the western limits of 
Georgia, is watered locally by spring streams of the 
purest water, becoming large enough for milling 
})urposes ; by creeks running over rocky beds, and 
by rivers with sufficient force to manufacture ten 
times the cotton made in the South. 

Tiie following sketch of the physical geogruphyof 
the Sand Hill region in South Carolina and its boun- 
daries has been kindly furnished me by the distin- 
guished Professor, John Le Conte, of the University 
of that State : 

The upper limits of the Sand Hills proper, in this 
State, are tolerably well detined. They occur, gener- 
ally, at or near the boundary between the granite 
region of the up-country and tertiary formation of the 
low country. Along the rivers this boundary is indi- 
cated by the occurrence uf the loioer falls, w^hich form 
the head of steamboat navigation in the streams. The 
lower termination of the primitive formation deter- 
mines this boundary. It is not always well defined, 
but is usually sufficiently well characterized ulong the 
streams. Thus we find the true vSaud Ilills near Ham- 
burg (as at Aiken), near Columbia, Camden, Cheraw, 
and also at Fayettcvillc, North Carolina. They are 
usually found adjacent to the rivers, iiud are better 
developed near the larger streams than the smaller 
cues. There are many indications that these accumu- 
Jations of sand were ])roduced by aqueous agency 



78 Hilly Pine Region of 

durinc: the ])criod when the lower boundary of the 
primitive re_ii;ioii conBtituted an ancient sea beach. The 
''high hillB of Santee" seem to be true "Sand Hills," 
although not occurring precisely at the boundary above 
indicated. They probably constitute ancient sand batiks 
not very remote from the sea shoi'c. 

The boundary of the Sand Hill region, Avhich has 
been indicated above, constitute its u])per or western 
limit; its lower or eastern boundary cannot l)e detiued 
with any degree of precision. In fact, those ridges of 
sand just out towards the coast, es})ecially near the 
larger streams, over vai'ious portions of the tertiary 
region, in a manner not unlike the irregular distribu- 
tion of sand banks in the ocean, near the shore line. 
This renders it almost im])Ossil)le to define where the 
ancient and more lofty Sand Hills terminate, tin<l 
where the more recent Sand Hills lower down begin. 
Hence, it is impossible, in the existing state of our 
knowledge of the geology of this region, to assign an 
average breadth to the Sand Hill region of this State. 

Mills, ill his '' Sta-i sties of South Carolina," page 
131, est! mates its width to be thirty miles, more or 
less, and its height above the ocean to vary from one 
liuiidred and lifty to three hundred feet. 

Columbia, height above tide water. . . .233 feet (depot) 
Columbia, height above tide water. . . .300 feet (city) 

Camden, height al)Ove tide water 100 feet (depot) 

Cheraw, height above tide water 144 feet 

As the Geological formation of the country along 
the line described varies very little, if at all, in its 
general characteristics either in Georgia or Carolina, 
and being indicated by the falls terminating at the 
head of navigation on the rivers draining the great 
southeast water shed of the two States, we may con- 
clude that the surface characteristics correspond. In 
some localities the clay appears without any surface- 
covering of sand, from which it has evidently been 



Georgia and South Carolina. 79 

washed by rains since the formation of the hills, 
while in other places it lies many feet below the 
surface. 

Geolofjy. 

The following sketch of the Geology of the Sand 
Hill region has been kindly furnished me by Mr. 
William Phillips, Architect and Civil Engineer, 
of Aaii:usta, whose knowledi>:e of the science is 
much more general than his diffidence permits him 
to acknowledge, and whose careful study of the 
characteristics of this section, during his many 
surveys and his connection with the Augusta Canal 
and Water Works for many years (he having been 
their constructor), enable him to write with much 
accuracy on the subject. 

The Geology of this region, is only casually 
alluded to in the works I have been able to find on 
the subject, which makes Mr. Phillips' sketch the 
more valuable, since, I believe, it is the first one 
written. The primitive and tertiary region having 
been the most important and interesting sections, 
have received more attention in all Geological 
surveys hitherto made in both of these States, and 
being only a tyro in the study myself, I have been 
constrained to use the knowledge of others in 
elucidation of that important branch of science — 
important not only to the miner and manufacturer, 
but also to the agriculturist. 

Augusta, Ga., Janiuiry 1, 1869. 

Dear Sir. — I regret that I am so engaged at present 

as not to be able to offer you Jinything more than a mere 

sketch of the CTCology of Eichmond county, which I 

hope may be of service to you, as it may be taken, with 



8o Hilly Pine R 



EGION OP 



slight modification, as the Geology of a line exten<led 
from the Chesapeake to the Gulf of Mexico. 

As you are aware, this county happens to be at the 
termination of the secondary lap on the primitive 
formation, that is to say from Augusta upward in a 
southwestern direction, the geological formation is 
primitive, and in the southeastern direction, secondary, 
tertiary, etc. 

Beginning at the head of the Augusta canal, which is 
about a mile above Richmond county, and following it 
or the river to which it is nearly parallel, we traverse 
the lines of strati ticat ion, which are about northeast, 
at a right angle, and thus have an opportunity of 
determining very easily the geological changes. The 
river seems to have cut through and formed its bed, in 
the various strata traversed by it, at a depth varying 
from seventy-five on the banks to some two hundred or 
more feet on the hills adjacent. From the lock of the 
canal to the upper end of xiugusta, the bed of the river 
is a series of falls and rapids. In a distance of about 
five miles the fall is about sixty feet. 

At the lock the formation is gneiss, which is there 
penetrated by a vein of granite. Above the lock the 
granite in several places seems to have passed through 
the gneiss. Its protrusion is seen in several places on 
the river ; at Stalling's island a large bed was found, 
from which the material was obtained for the. Granite 
mills in the city and for other works on the canal. In 
this granite, epidote and pyrites are found. 

Passing down the canal we find the gneiss formation 
stops just below the mouth of Iled's creek, about a mile 
below the lock. Here we find a thin stratum of mica 
slate, and just below it a black silicious rock resembling 
a silicious manganese incorporated Avith apparently 
fused gneiss. From this point to Augusta the formation 
may be considered that of chlorite slate, though it 
varies considerably. In the first })lace, for about a 
quarter of a mile, the rock is felspathic, then comes a 
bed of talcose slate, and after it the chloritic rocks, which 
extend to Augusta. These chloritic rocks vary very 
much in character, and in some places the epidote is so 
predominant as to have acquired for them the designa- 
tion of epidotic gneiss. At Augusta this formation 



Georgia and South Cai^olina. 8i 

disixppoiirs, being covered by ii heiivy iind deep diluvial 
iind iiUuvial deposit. The geiiei'iil direction of yiralill- 
cation is about northeast, the dip to the southeast is, 
at the lock, from forty to forty-live degrees, but at 
Ilarrisburg nearly level; at Hawks' gully the dip is to 
the southwest ; at McKinne street, in the city, nearly 
vertical. This brief sketch can not convey to you a 
tithe of the interest with which they could be studied. 
At and above the lock we Iind the granite, supposed to 
be the original rock, passing into and through the 
gneiss. At lled's creek there are evident signs of 
subterranean action, for there we find the gneiss 
changed, and though in layers, has thousands of vertical 
and other seams in it, and a part of it seems to have 
been fused or melted with a mixture of manganese, etc., 
foi-ming a hard black rock resembling lydian stone. At 
McAipJiin's bridge the veins of quartz seem to have 
passed through it into the red clay with which it is 
there overlaid. At llocky creek there are numerous 
cubic crystals of sulphurate of iron, some of them 
hepatic by exposure, two inches in diameter. At Eae's 
creek, in the chlorite slate, there are millions of small 
crystals of sulphuret of iron, and in one quarry 
worked there, a small deposit of arragonite and carbo- 
nate of lime was found. 

The color of the gneiss from the lock to Eed's 
creek is pretty uniform, but then it becomes lighter 
gray, and the fissures in it are frequently lined with the 
metallic arboresence recurring at the lock. The colors 
of the chloritic slate formation vary from a bluish green 
to a yellowish gray, according to the prevailing presence 
of epidote or chlorate or their entire absence. Just 
above Warren's spring there is a bed of rock mainly 
felspathic, which sharpens readily the hardest steel, and 
of wdiich I presume excellent hones could be made. In 
other places the strata or beds are of the 2)each blossom 
color, indicating to my mind the jn-esence of chrome. 
Generally these last mentioned rocks are soft ; but on 
the south side of Kae's creek (keeping the line up the 
canal) they seem to have been indulated, and are very 
hard, and here, too, in this bed we find the aborescent 
lining of the fissures nearly the same as at Eed's creek. 

This primitive formation, as it j^ Called, is covered in 



82 j^ILLY J^INE j^ 



EGION OF 



the first })laco by an equally i»rimitive bed of drift, and 
by a])i)areiitly more recent beds of clay. The alluvial 
covering only occurs on the margin of the river. The 
j)rinutive drift, as I would designate it, is composed of 
firm white sand, gravel and clay, the color being a most 
distinctive characteristic. In some places it forms a 
solid rock, as at the Gumming quarry, formerly worked 
by Glendenning, but in others the sand and gravel arc 
loose and the clay in beds. The solid rock at the Cum- 
ming quarry, and other places, though made up of 
quartz, mica, and felspar, and often called granite, is 
really a sand stone, the quartz in it rounded or water 
worn grains, the mica finely comminuted, and the fels- 
par in a state of indurated clay; this last holds the 
other materials together, and makes it a stone hard 
enough to be used, as it was formerly, for building pur- 
poses. In this rock I have not found any organic 
remains, and have noticed only such other minerals^ 
such as garnet, etc., common to the primary rocks ; 
hence I take it to be the very first formation, by me- 
chanical means, after the primitive. The clay of this 
formatioj) is usually Avhite, or rather gra}', sometimes 
plastic, but not generally so until it is well worked — the 
])orcelain clay of Kaolin, in South Carolina, and other 
places in the neighborhood belongs to this formation ; 
it seems to be made up of the unindurated or decom- 
posed felspar, washed from the primitive granite and 
gneiss of the up country. Here it lies upon the drift, 
and in excavating for the canal, and for other })urposes, 
it was seen that the red clay rested upon it. This for- 
mation, perhaps, corresponds with what is called the 
Pottsdam sand stone of the State of New York. 

Over this drift there is what I would call a diluvial 
formation, consisting mainly of red clay, sand and 
gravel. In some instances this deposit rests upon the 
primitive, and without careful observation would be 
considered the secondary. In the cuts for the canal, 
and other works, however, it was found to overlay the 
more primitive of these formations. At the Sand Hills 
west of Augusta, and at other places, the sand under 
the clay is indurated, and forms what may be called 
ferruginous sand stone, the sand seeming to be cemented 
together by the decomposition of iron pyrites, or an 



Georgia and South Carolina. 83 

oxide of iron. Sometimen the bliick oxide of miiiiga- 
iieMC is present to Buch ;in extent tis to make it perfectly 
bhiek, :ind perluips m workable ore of mangtxneBe. 

TJjiderlyiiii;- these beds of clay and sand, vegetable 
organic remains have been found. In excavating the 
third level of the canal at Marbiiry street in Augusta, 
specimens of wood were found, which, in some respects 
might be considered as lignite, while in others they 
seemed rather to approach sililication or, as usually 
expressed, petrifaction. Here it was difficult to deter- 
mine to which of these formations these remains pro- 
]»erly belong ; the testimony, however, slight as it 
was, led me to the conclusion they were of the diluvial. 
In many places this diluvial, as I call it, is in immediate 
contact with the ])rimitive rocks, as if they had never 
been covered by the older formation, or it had been re- 
moved by some more recent action, perha])S the flood 
of the diluvial. 

If we go back now to the lock, and begin there our 
examination of the alluvial, we find a small area of five 
or six acres between the canal and the river, extending 
from the lock to Eed's ci-eek, where the foot of the ad- 
jacent hill comes out to the river. Between Ked's and 
Ilocky creek this formation occurs again to the extent 
of about one hundred and fifty acres. From Rocky 
creek to a short distance below Warren's spring, the 
river bank is of rock, and there is no alluvial on them, 
but at the ])lace last mentioned this formation begins 
again, extending across Rae's creek, and sweeping to 
the southeast forms the plain of Augusta, which, with 
some slight interruptions extends to McBean creek, 
which is the county line on that side. On the Carolina 
side of the river the banks arc rocky and high, and 
there is but little of the alluvial formation on that side 
from the lock to a short distance below the mouth of 
Eae's creek. Here the formation begins, and s])reading 
out toward the north, forms the plain of Hamburg, 
which extends nearly to the Sand J3ar ferry. On this 
side of the river this plain varies in width, and extends 
from the river to the foot of the Sand Hills, which, at 
the distance of about a mile, are some two or three 
hundred feet above it. On the Georgia side the termi- 
nation of the alluvial plain is not so well marked, as it 



§4 Hilly Pine Region OP 

joiri!^ the viillcy« of Cupboard, Eocky, mid Butler's 
creeks. The high ground or hills, such as Turi)iii's, 
Golden Camp, Gen. Watkin's, and others, are conse- 
quently a considerable distance from the river. This 
alluvial [)lain of Augusta contains several thousand 
acres, a large portion of which is in now neglected 
cypress swamps. They could be drained, and I have 
no doubt will be in time, thus making an important 
addition to the richest arable land in the country. 

The Savannah river, from the lock to the city of 
Augusta, has its bed in, and traverses the primitive rocks 
already mentioned, in width it varies from eight hun- 
dred to thirteen hundred feet. From the lock to the 
city it has a fall of fifty to sixty feet, and passing over 
these rocks its bed is a series of small falls and rapids, 
its ledges are generally occupied by fish dams and traps, 
and it is only navigable for small boats carrying forty 
to sixty bales of cotton. This part of it, however, is 
notnoAv used for navigation, all the trade being diverted 
from it by the canal — practically, therefore, it is only an 
immense shad trap. From the city, downward, say to 
Savannah, it is usually navigable for boats carr^^ing from 
two to five hundred bales of cotton. In a dry season 
it sometimes gets very low, and lighters have to be 
used. In ordinary seasons it is usually w^ithin its banks; 
but after extraordinary rain floods it sometimes rises to 
thirty-eight or forty feet above low water mark at the 
city, and the city, as Avell as all this alluvial plain, is 
overflowed. Such floods, however, do not often occur, 
and when they do, if at the proper season, the swamp 
])hinters congratulate themselves on an accession of 
four to eight inches of silt, which adds materially to 
the fertility of their lands. 

The creeks — Eed's, Eocky, Eae's, Cupboard, and But- 
ler's, as well as Spirit creek, and McBean also, traverse 
these primitive creeks, and no doubt take their direc- 
tion from the irregularities of their surface ; they are 
supplied by innumerable sjjrings of the purest w^ater, 
filtered through the diluvial. The margins of these 
streams are made up of the washings from the adjacent 
hill sides, and the swamp growth of vegetation so com- 
mon to them. In some places the mass of matter thus 
made up is extensive, and presents nearly all the cha- 
racteristics of petit, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 85 

At MeBean we find the m^^rtle and magnolia of the 
sea coast — arc they to be considered only as the re- 
mains of that ancient coast, or as indicative of a sub- 
marine formation at that place ? 

The sketch I have given yon is entirely local. The 
very slight opportunity I have had for generalizing, in- 
duces me to believe it is a description of a belt extend- 
ing from New York city, crossing Chesapeake Bay near 
the Potomac, passing through Virginia, North and 
South Carolina, and turning through Georgia and Ala- 
bama up to the valley of the Mississippi. From Cape 
llatteras, southward, it is about equidistant between 
the present seacoast and the range of the Blue Eidge 
Mountains. 

Having avoided all speculation, I need not apologise 
to you for the absence of the scientific geological terms 
so prevalent at present. In fact I have not studied 
Geology as a science, and have only availed myself of 
its teaching as required by a Civil Engineer. 

Kespectfully, your obedient servant, 

William Phillips. 



Botany, 

In describing the Flora of this country or region, 
neither space nor the requirements of tins work per- 
mit me to give a specific description of each i)lant, 
nor is it important that a full list of all the indige- 
nous growth should be introduced, since such infor- 
mation can be easily obtained from Elliott's and 
C'hapman's works on Southern Botany. I shall, 
therefore, confine myself to a list of a few of the 
more important trees used for mechanical purposes 
and fuel, and those flowers which, in their wild state, 
are the most beautiful, and best adapted to the re- 
quirements of the florist. None of the resources of 
our favored region have been more neglected than 
the beautiful wild flowers of our forest, which 



§6 Willy Pine Region op 

seemed "born to blush unseen," or at least unnoticed 
by the florists of our country. 

The Flora of our Sand Hill rep^ion is mostly simi- 
lar to that of the country below and toward the 
seaboard ; especially to that of the lig-ht and sandy 
pine lands of the lower countiy. There are certain 
plants, however, which, without being peculiar to 
this region, may be said to characterize and give to 
it distinctive features, from their abundance and 
general distribution over the area. Of these, the 
long leaved pine, before mentioned, and the scrub 
oaks ; the small huckleberry (Vaccinium dumosum); 
the peculiar Baptesia perfoliatta; the very handsome 
and showy heath-like evergreen (Ceratiola ericoides); 
and many others which delight in sandy soils. Along 
the creeks and water courses we find a vegetation 
not dissimilar to that of like soils in the surround- 
ing country. 

Among the larger trees used, either for building 
material or fuel, or as ornamental for their foliage, 
may be mentioned the following as most conspicu- 
ous : 

PINUS AUSTIIALIS, 

Before mentioned — the timber of this tree is natu- 
rally adapted to building purposes, and for other 
mechanical arts ; and large quantities are consumed 
for lumber and exportation. It is known to lumber 
men as "yellow pine," and has always held the 
highest rank as merchantable lumber, from its com- 
pactness and fineness of grain. This is owing to the 
lightness and poverty of the soil in which it grows 
(it being only found in sandy soil), which gives but 



Georgia and South Caf^olina. 87 

a thin annual deposit of wood. The "annual rings" 
of growth are small, hence the wood is more com- 
pact and of closer texture than in richer soils, where 
the tree groA\\s more rapidly, and is of coarser tex- 
ture. A tree of the same size will consequently be 
of much greater age and with more heart wood than 
one growing elsewhere. 

PINU8 TAEDA— PINUS MITIS. 
These are known as "short leave pines," and are 
not so abundant as they are in the low countr3\ 
Timber of inferior quality. 

PINUS INOPS. 
This is a smaller tree, and grows sparingly on the 
hills. 

QUERCUS FALCATA. 

This is the largest of the oaks of this region, and 
only found on the lands of better quality. It grows 
to a large size, and makes an ornamental shade tree 
of regular shape — commonly known as "Spanish 
oak," or "red oak." 

QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA. 

The wood of this tree is remarkably hard and 
durable, and is much used where toughness and 
strength are required. The young trees are used for 
making baskets. "Post oak." 

QUERCUS CATESB^I. 
Very abundant, and only used for fire wood. Its 
timber being of no value. "Scrub oak." 
QUERCUS NIGRA. 
An oak of medium size, with handsome regular 
head, and makes a tree ornamental and compact. 
"Blackjack." 



88 J4lLLY J^INE Jl 



EGION OP 



QUERCUS CINERIA. 
Grows only on the poorest soil, and does not 
attain a large size. "Turkey oak." 
QUERCUS AQUATICA. 
This is one of the finest ornamental trees for 
lawns and about buildings. Though doing best on 
damp, rich soils, will grow almost any where with a 
little cultivation: "Water oak." 

ACER RUBRUM. 
Grows mostly on rich soils, and makes a fine shade 
tree in damp lands. "Red maple." 

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA. 

A liandsome ornamental tree of moderate size, 
doing best on good soils. "S\ycet gum." 

CRATAEGUS AESTIVALIS. 
A small ornamental tree, bearing a large and sub- 
acid berry, much prized for preserves and jellies. 
"llaw." ' 

DYOSPIRUS VIRGINIANA. 
Persimmon. 

CERASUS CAROLIANUS. 
This tree, though a native of the seaboard, flour- 
ishes here with very little care, and is considered an 
indispensable adjunct in every shrubbery garden. 
"Wild orange — mock orange." 

MELIA AZADARACH. 
This beautiful and fast growing exotic may be 
said to be naturalized and self-propagating. It fur- 
nishes a beautiful shade tree, very ornamental in its 
foliage in summer, and the heavy clusters of yellow 
berries in winter, which are said to correct wormy 
conditions in cattle, wliich are fond of eating them. 



pEORGtA AND ^OUTH CAROLINA. §9 



A strong decoction of the bark, leaf, or berry, has 
l)eeii found to destroy insects and worms in cabbages, 
etc., while no insect infests its foliage. The inner 
bark is also an excellent vermifnge for man or beast. 
"China tree." 

Of the smaller ornamental shrubs, worthy of cul- 
tivation, may be mentioned the following : 

KAL:\riA LATIFOLIA. 

This beautiful shrub is found in great abundance 
about the hills, and by its showy clusters of pink 
and white flowers adds charms to the spring season 
in our woods. "Calico bush." 

AZALEA C^ALENDULACEA. 

A small shrub, ftowering in clusters, and varying 
in color from deep red vaiiegated with yellow, to 
bright yellow and rose colored — all of which are 
often found growing near each other. "Flaming 
bus!].'' 

AZALEA NUDIFLORA. 

One of the earliest and most showy ornamental 
shrubs. "Wihl honeysuckle." 

AZALEA VIHCOSA. 

This Azalea blooms later in tlie season — color 
white and red. 

CALYCIANTHUS FLOKIDUS. 

Found in the rich shaded woods alons^the marein 
of water courses. It is worthy a place in every 
garden, for the sweet freshness of its flower, and the 
great profusion of bloom. "Sweet scented shrub." 



90 fliLLY j^iNE Region op 

ROBINIA PSEUDO ACACIA. 

A tree of moderate size, with white pendant clus- 
ters of flowers. The wood is very durable and hard 
and useful for many purposes; an elastic wood. 
"White locust." 

ROBINIA HISPIDA. 

This handsome shrub grows in our woods, and is 
very attractive with its showy racemes of rose- 
colored flowers. 

ILEX OPACA. 
A well known evergreen. 

CORNUS FLORIDA. 

Enlivening the w^oods in the early spring with its 
large white calyx leaves. "Dogwood." 

CEKATIOLA ERICOIDES. 

This beautiful evergreen shrub is one of the cha- 
racteristics of the sand hill country, growing only on 
the poorest soils. It can be successfully transplanted 
and reared in a garden. It would compete with 
many of the rare exotic conifers which are so highly 
prized. It rarely grows higher than four or five 
feet, and forms a compact and regular shrub, with 
small rigid linear leaves. "American heath." 

SMILAX PSEUDO CHINA. 

A handsome climber of rapid growth, with bright 
evergreen leaves, and clusters of black berries. 
"China brier." 



Georgia and South Carolina. 91 

Of the smaller herbaceous plants, annuals and 
perennials, which attract attention, and are worthy 
the attention of the florist, may be mentioned 

LUPINUS VILLOSUS. 
With its rich velvety green leaves all winter, and 
showy spikes of purple flow^ers in early spring. It 
is well worth cultivating. "Hairy supine." 

LITHOSPERMUM HIRTUM. 
This, as well as the preceding, is a perennial, 
which is highly improved by cultivation, blooming 
early in spring, with a profusion of bright yellow 
flowers. 

AMSONIA CILIATA. 
Flowers early in the spring, pale blue. 

VIOLA. 

Several species of this modest but beautiful flower 
bloom early in the spring, and some transplanted by 
myself improved very much in size from cultivation. 

EPIG^A REPENS. 
This evergreen creeper, which grows as far north 
as Canada, and blooms in the i^ew England States 
in May, begins to show its delicate pale pink flowers 
as early as February. "Ground joy." 

IRIS VERNA. 

This delicate little Iris, with its sweet scented 
flowers, opens its petals in early spring, and would 
be ornamental for borders of beds in a flower gar- 
den. 

PHLOX SUBULATA. 
With its dense tufts of evergreen rigid leaves and 



fliLLY Pine Region of 



showy flowers, blooming in April and May, makes 
a beautiful bordering for beds. There are two or 
three other species of Phlox, all ornamental. 

YUCCA FILAMENTOSA. 

This Yucca is indigenous to the Sand Hills, and 
with its rich evergreen leaves and tall panicle of 
large white flowers, is highly ornamental. The 
leaves may be stripped into shreds and used for 
cordage. "Silk grass." 

YUCCA GLORIOSA. 

This species has been brought up from the sea 
coast, is perfectly climatized and hardy, and bears its 
flowers in a large panicle, consisting of racemes. 
This plant is used in some places to form hedges, 
and forms a most eftective break to washing sand. 

In addition to these we may mention the Fringe 
Tree (Chionanihus Virginica). A beautiful shrul), 
with glossy, large green leaves, bearing its flowers 
in panicles, and as it blooms \qvj early in the spring- 
is very desirable as an ornamental shrub on lawns. 
There are also some very showy and beautiful plants 
among the composite flowers, some of which have 
been mentioned in the first part of this work, and 
which, if cultivated, would make showy additions to 
the garden flora. 

LESPEDEZA STRIATA— HOOKER AND ARNOTT— IIED- 
DYSURUIM STRICTUM— THUNBERG— FLO. JAP. 

Stem prostrate and assurgent, diftusely branched, 
and clothed with retroresly appressed hairs; leaflets 
small, oval-elliptical, emargiiiate and mucronate, 



Georgia and South Carolina. 93 



with pellucid, parallel veins. Stipules large, per- 
sistent, numerously ribbed, pointed. Flowers axil- 
lary, on short pedicels. Calyx lobes about half the 
lengtli of the corolla, obtuse, colored and veined, 
with two brackets at base. Corolla small, rose- 
colored and tipped with purple. Legume roundish, 
hairy, pointed, scarcely larger than the Calyx, one 
seeded. An annual, springing up early in the spring, 
flowering September and Octo^^er, and maturing 
seeds in October. A native of China and Japan, 
introduced and now climatised, and extendhig all 
over the country. 

As the seed of this plant is very minute and diffi- 
cult to collect, it may be preserved by scraping up 
the earth from the surface upon which it has shed its 
fruit, and broadcast it where it is desired to sow the 
seed. 

Among the exotics of our gardens there are two 
which merit notice, both on account of their beauty 
and the readiness with which they grow without 
shelter. Camelia Japonica grows readily in the open 
air, often attaining a height of ten feet, and blooms 
in the latter part of winter. 

LAGERSTllEMIA INDICA. 

A beautiful shrub, growing in this climate to the 
dimensions of small trees, which, when covered by 
their dense purple blooms or panicles, almost ob- 
scure the foliage, present a most gaudy appear- 
ance, and adding very materially to the beauty of 
the lawn. Two clusters of these trees may be seen 
in Col. Milledo'c's laAvn, on the Sand Hills, near 



94 Hilly Pine Region of 

Augusta, Ga., which afford most delightful bowers, 
excluding, by the density of their foliage, the direct 
rays of the sun. 

In the preparation of the above sketch I have re- 
ceived valuable assistance from my friend, Mr. 
Henry W. Ravenel, an experienced and scientific 
Botanist, so favorably known as the author and pub- 
lisher of the "Fungi Exsiccata" of South Carolina. 



Georgia and South Caf^olina. 9^ 



Part Third. 

Agriculttiral Resources, 

In the preceding part of this volume casual allu- 
sions only have been made to the great agricultural 
resources of the middle belt of Georgia and South 
Carolina. 

Previous to the late civil war, which in its result 
destroyed the most expensive system of labor 
ever imposed upon a nation, our statistics show that 
the South, notwithstanding this drawback, was the 
most productive Agricultural region in the world 
in proportion to her population, as will be seen by 
reference to the United States Census. These re- 
sults, however, were produced at the expense of 
much unnecessary labor, principally through the 
neglect of those aids to agriculture, which the 
ingenuity of man in less favored and more densely 
populated countries had adapted to the various 
necessities growing out of the importance of 
economizing labor. Another result, too, of our 
system was the exclusive devotion of labor to agri- 
culture, and the neglect of manufactures — hence, 
though much money was made, and the sea was 
whitened by the sails which transported our produce 
to enrich other nations, a very large proportion ot 
the profits was paid out for the very cotton 



96 Willy Pine Region OF 



taken from us; so tliat, iiotwitbstaiKling our great 
productiveness, we were really a poor people wlicn 
contrasted with the consumers of our staple. This 
was not owing to the superior energies of the pur- 
chasers, as some claim, hut to the neglect of a divi- 
sion of labor among ourselves. This fact was often 
presented to our minds by various writers, but so 
infatuated was the Southerner Avith the idea that 
cotton, rice, and tobacco planting were the most 
lucrative investments for his money, and the only 
employment for a man of capital, that as soon as 
mone}' was made by trade, it was, in nine cases out 
of ten, invested in land and slaves; and cotton, rice, 
tobacco and sugar continued to monopolize the labor 
which could have been better appropriated to those 
productions with which we w^ere compelled to supply 
ourselves at an enormous expenditure of money. 

This condition of things has now been dojie away 
with by the disruption of the relations between pro- 
prietor and laborer, and we are therefore constrained 
to appropriate our limited capital to those invest- 
ments which yield the greatest profit, and thus avail 
ourselves of the varied resources and rich fields for 
enterprise which await the industrious and thrifty 
lal)orer. Agriculture, how^ever, must occupy the 
most important place in the South, since our climate 
and soil are so admirably adapted to the successful 
production of cotton, sugar and rice. These products, 
so remunerative before the war, under the old system 
of labor, will prove far more profitable under the new, 
necessitating the employment of more care in the 
preparation of land, the economy of labor in tlie 
cultivation of less land, by the introduction of im- 



Georgia and South Carolina. 97 

proved agricultural implements, and the careful and 
more judicious application of fertilizers. Already 
do we see the beneficial results of improved agricul- 
ture on our great staple, cotton — for, whereas, one 
bale to the acre was considered, before the w^ar, an 
enormous yield ; we now hear of two being made in 
many places, and some are even sanguine of pro- 
ducing three; and this on land heretofore considered 
as nearly worn out. That destructive system of aban- 
doning old land for new, and leaving the bare field 
to the w^ashing of the storms, finally to grow up in 
scrubby pines, though injurious to the succeeding 
generation, saved the planter of that day an outlay 
for expensive fertilizers, and the labor of preparing 
manure for his fields must ultimately have resulted in 
the entire abandonment of this worn-out region, then 
so considered, for the virgin alhivial soils of the 
West and Southwest, and, consequently, one of the 
finest reo-ions of the world would have been 
left to desolation and sterility. We, therefore, 
may consider that the new order of things will 
prove a blessing to us, since we are now compelled 
to become less migratory in our habits, and to settle 
down as a permanent population, from which will 
necessarily spring wealtli, education, improvement 
in agriculture, the introduction of manufactures, 
and the development of the great and varied re- 
sources of our favored land. The history of em- 
pires show that the greatest nations have existed in 
even a warmer climate than our own, and now, 
since the idea — wliich an over zealous advocacy for 
African slave labor propagated — that the white man 
could not labor in the South has been dispelled by 
8 



9? j^ILLY J^INE J^EGION OP 

subsequent observation, and the experience of the 
war, we may safely say that the greatness and pros- 
perity of this country cannot be estimated by any 
known rules of poUtical economy. Sun strokes, so 
common at the [N'orth, seldom occur here — our 
armies rarely sent into the hospitals cases of this 
kind. And wdien we contrast the dusty road of a 
marching army, the uniform of the soldiers, with his 
heavy load of weapons and ammunition, with the 
lield and the light clothing of the ploughman, and 
the ability of the latter to lay by in the heat of the 
day, we may be excused for dogmatically saying that 
the field laborer in our reo'ion runs no risk of a sun 
stroke.* 

The history of the cotton culture in this country 
demonstrates the readiness with which man appro- 
priates the advantages of soil and chmate to the 
exigencies of his demands. When the iirst crop of 
cotton was sent from South Carolina to England, 
which consisted of only a few bales, it was said that 
the market was glutted by it, and it was not then 
even believed that so much could have been pro- 
duced in the Carolinas. Gradually this demand has 
increased with the supply, and now not only England 
but our own manufacturing States have been en- 
riched by the product of our fields, and the demand 
is still for more. This demand the South can 
supply, if we can only obtain the labor. 

The land only awaits the ploughshare, as there 
are thousands of acres already cleared, prepared 
for the farmer. It only requires the seed to become 

*The writer was consulted to-day by quite a neat, pretty, and delicate 
white girl, of 16 years of aj^e, who had been woridng all summer in 
the cotton ticld, hoeing and j)ickiniif cotton, witliout any inconvenience 
to health. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 99 

fruitful, and yield a greater equivalent than any crop 
in the world. 

Cotton planters have heretofore considered ten 
acres about as much land as could he attended by 
one horse and man, and at the average yield before 
the war he was considered to do well who made live 
bales to the hand. It has now been piroven that two 
bales can be made to the acre — and allowing that 
manuring and more careful culture would require 
tw o horses and two men to the ten acres, there would 
be a yield of twenty bales, or double the amount per 
acre and hand. At an average price of 20 cents per 
lb., $2,000 would be the result of two laborers, and 
deducting seven hundred dollars for labor, manures 
and all expenses, a clear profit is left, greater than 
that from any investment which could be made. 
When, with this profit, we recollect that the farmer 
makes no outlay for food, house rent, etc., it will be 
readily seen that the occupation of farming in this 
region must necessarily be the most lucrative in- 
vestment of capital. 

These advantages pertain equally to the small 
farmer as well as the large landholder, since his 
profits would even be greater in proportion, as he 
pays nothing for labor — the work being performed 
by himself and family. 

Haniie, 

Besides cotton, ramie will become generally cul- 
tivated. The following article, from the Chronicle 
and Sentinel, by P. J. Berckmans, Esq., shows that 
it is well adapted to our soil : 

We copy from the ^^ Maryland Farmer'' the following 
article upon this new textile plant. We have had the 



loo fliLLY Pine Region of 

ramie in cultivation since the Spring of last j^ear, and 
have succeeded remarkably well Avith it. On the first 
of August last we planted two thousand small plants, 
not one over six inches in height; the}' were raised 
from cuttings taken from older jjlants, and were set 
out in a gravelly loam, fertilized with twelve loads of 
stable manure to the acre. The land, if left unmanured 
Avould, in average seasons, produce about ten bushels of 
corn to the acre. By September 15th, the young ramie 
plants had attained a height of four feet, and had 
thrown up from six to ten shoots each. Layering was 
then performed, but rather too late in the season to 
give the young layers time to get well established, as 
only one-half of these have now sufficient roots to 
Rtand the winter. The plants layered in August are 
very strong. A few of the plants set out in August 
were left unlay ered; they gave canes seven feet high 
by the 1st of November. The amount of fibre yielded 
by one cane is remarjcably large, and of extremely fine 
texture. Judging from the results of last late planting, 
we are satisfied that the advantages claimed for the 
ramie, and as set forth in the following article, can be 
relied upon. 

We would, however, remark that as the ramie is a 
perennial plant, and a plantation of it can be called 
2)erma7ient, deep and thorough working of the soil, as 
well as a good manuring, are absolutely necessary 
before setting out the plants. The soil should be free 
from Bermuda grass, and be kept frequently worked 
until the layering of the canes. The roots of the 
ramie are of a fleshy and succulent texture, and ])ene- 
trate the soil to a depth of two feet or more. 

MODE OF PROPAGATING. 

A rich, sandy soil is the most suitable for ramie cul- 
tivation, and is particularly desii'able for a nursery, 
where plants are to be rapidly pi-opagated. For field 
culture the plant will thrive in any good sandy land. — 
To secure a rapid and vigorous groAvth of roots, the 
land should be thoroughly and deeply broken up to a 
uniform depth of about ten inches, and well pulverized. 
This is highly important, and should be careful]}^ per- 
formed to insure a rajfid accumulation of roots. 



G.EOi^GiA AND South Carolina. loi 

In propagating, level cultivation is preferable ; root 
cuttings should always be used for first planting. 

After the ground has been thoroughly prepared as 
above directed, the roots should be planted about six 
feet apart each way, three inches deep, and slantingly, 
with about one inch exposed above the surface; care 
should be taken to keep the ground moist around the 
roots when first planted. No further attention, with the 
exception of weeding, is required until the sprouts are 
about two feet high, when they should be gradually 
and gentl}^ inclined toward the earth. When they 
have attained a height of three or four feet it will be 
noticed that they become of a brow^nish color near the 
root, they are then ready for projiagation; incisions 
should then be made with a thin, sharp-pointed knife, at 
each eye of the stem, which should then be bent gently 
down, and covered with about three or four inches of 
loose earth, care being taken to avoid detaching the 
stem from the parent root. About six inches of the 
leafy end should be left uncovered. In the course of three 
or four weeks these layers wall have taken root, and 
may then be separated from the main root, divided in 
pieces and replanted. In planting in the field, layers 
may be laid down without being divided. 

FIELD CULTURE. 

After the ground has been ploughed deep and 
thoroughly broken up, it should be laid off in beds 
running the length of the field; these should be made 
six inches high and four wide, with a flat surface; 
passages three feet wide should be left on each side, 
and crossways at intervals through the field. A shallow 
furrow might be run down the centre of each bed; if 
roots are to be planted, they should be put in the gi-ound 
slantingly, three inches deep apart, with end projecting 
above the ground; if layers are to be planted, they 
should be laid in a furrow, about three inches deep, 
horizontally, with the ends laj^pin gas in cane ])lanting. 
After the first year's growth has been cut, new s])routs 
will issue from all parts of the bed; the growth will 
become very dense, and choke out all other vegetation. 

HARVESTING. 

When the stems have attained a height of six or 



102 Hilly J^ine jR.egion of 

eight feet, they are then ready to be harvested; but 
should it be inconvenient for the farmer to commence 
cutting at the time, the fibre will not be seriously 
injured if left in the field for a week or two longer. — 
In cutting the stems an ordinary cane knife may be 
used, care being taken to cut the stem a little below the 
ground. It will also be advisable to extract the fibre 
when the stems are not too dry, as that labor is then 
much more easily performed, and the fibre is of abetter 
quality if broken out while in that condition. A simple 
and easily worked machine, similar to the ordinary flax 
breakers, is being constructed for that purpose, with 
this the planter can make his crop marketable at small 
expense. In preparing the fibre for packing it should 
be done up in hanks, and packed in bags or bales like 
cotton. All refuse matter, such as leaves, the woody 
substance of the stem, etc., should be strewn over the 
field; no other manure is required. 

GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING RAMIE. 

Ramie may be planted at any growing time of the 
year — the Fall and early in the Spring being the best 
time for starting. It cannot be injured by cold, unless 
the ground freezes to a depth greater than six inches, 
and continues frozen for several days. Many persons 
suppose Boehmeria Tenacissima and China grass 
identical; this is not the case, although they belong to 
the same family of plants. The China grass produces 
seed from which it can be propagated, but the system 
is difficult, and the fibre unequal to ramie in texture, — 
Boehneria Tenacissima can be propagated only from 
root cuttings, and is the finest variety of the Urticareie 
family. In commercial parlance the fibres of the Bcvh- 
meria Tenacissima and tlie Bcehmeria Nevia, or China 
grass, are called China grass. In preparing the fibre 
lor the market it will be to the advantage of the producer 
to ship it in its crude raw state, as very little expense 
will be incurred in so preparing it. In this condition, 
as before stated, it is worth ten cents in specie per 
pound. In preparing it for the spinner, chemical 
process and costly machinery would be required. A 
factory for this purpose will be erected in New Orleans 
during the coming Spring, and planters and farmers 
will at all times find a ready market for fibre in this 
city. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 103 

THE NEW TEXTILE PLANT, FOR SOUTHERN CULTIVATION: 
WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF ITS USES, MODE OP 

PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION, ETC. BY J. BRUCKNER, 

NEW ORLEANS, LA. 

This new textile, lately introduced to Southern 
Agriculturists, is a native of the Island of Java, and 
was first brought to Europe, for investigation, in 1844, 
where it received the botanical name of Bcehmeria 
Tenacissima, and, by the beauty and strength of its 
fibre, attracted much attention in manufacturing circles. 
Since that time every encouragement has been given to 
producers in the East Indies to induce them to cultivate 
ramie in a sufficient quantity to supply the demand; 
the result is that a considerable quantity is annually 
received in Europe and manufactured into fabrics of the 
finest quality, excelling in strength, beauty and finish, 
linen of the finest texture, and rivalling even silk in 
lustre. 

Since its introduction into the United States, in March, 
1867, it has excited much interest among European 
manufacturers. They consider the fibre of the Bfph- 
meria Tenacissma superior to that of any other textile 
plant, and very valuable for manufacturing purposes; 
the supply from the East is entirely inadequate to fill 
the demand, and unequal to the fibre here produced in 
quality; they are, therefore, very desirous of seeing 
ramie successfully cultivated in some country where 
the yield will be large and regular. 

ADVANTAGES OP RAMIE OVER COTTON AND OTHER 
STAPLES NOW CULTIVATED IN THE SOUTH. 

The soil and climate of the Southern vStates are 
particularl}^ adapted for the cultivation of ramie, which 
requires a loose, sandy soil, and temperate climate. — 
These advantages can be secured in any of the cotton 
growing States. 

At the present time most of our planters and farmers 
are financially crippled, and cannot afford to expend 
the large sums necessary to secure the labor to make 
cotton and sugar profitable crops: both of these articles 
require large capital and continuous cultivation to 
bring them to perfection, and both may be injured or 
destroyed by unfavorable seasons, or otlier causes. 



104 Hilly Pine R£:gion of 

Cotton may be totally destroyed by the army worm, or 
other insects. The fibre of the ramie being contained 
in the inner bark of the stem, cannot be injured in that 
way, and will not be hurt by either long continued wet 
or dry weather; besides it requires small capital to 
start a ramie plantation, the plant being easily propa- 
gated and cultivated; it is perennial, and will not 
require re])lanting. 

Having been interested in ramie culture since its 
introduction in Louisiana, in 1867, I have given my un- 
divided attention to securing its successful introduction 
and cultivation, and bringing its worth and usefulness 
properly before the Southern public. I have made 
frequent experiments in extracting the fibre from the 
stem and preparing it for use, and have tried plants 
grown in this and other States with the most satisfac- 
tory results. I find that our fibre is even finer than 
that of Java, and that the yield per acre is greater. 
In any of the Cotton States ramie can be harvested at 
least three times a year, each harvest or cutting will 
produce between nine and twelve hundred pounds, 
making an average annual crop of about three 
thousand pounds of crude unprepared fibre, worth at 
present in Europe ten cents specie per pound. In ])re- 
paring the fibre for manufacturing purposes it loses 
about one-half, and increases in value sixty-five cents ]>er 
pound. Thus, it is apparent that ramie, requiring 
little or no tillage to produce such magnificent results, 
is the most profitable crop that the planter can culti- 
vate. 

The fibre, when prepared for the spinner, is beauti- 
fully white, soft and glossy, closely resembling floss silk 
in appearance; it is much stronger than the best flax, 
and really receives the most difticult dyes without 
injury to its strength or lustre. 



Georgia and 3outh Carolina. 105 



3Iaii^e or Corn 

Is, next to cotton, the most generally cultivated 
staple. Of all the cereals it is perhaps the most 
productive, yielding, as a general thing, more grain 
to the acre, and more directly applicable to the 
wants of the farmer, than any other grain, since it 
not only serves as f(wd for himself, but also his 
working animals, hogs, etc. The yield is not as 
great here as it is in some of the Western States, 
owing to the careless manner of cultivating it, 
and the neglect of fertilizers. When it has been 
cultivated with a view of making a large yield 
to the acre, for the prize cup of some agricultural 
society, it has been known to produce as high as 
one hundred and twenty bushels to the acre. 
The general price of this grain on the coast, from 
Maine to Florida, may be said to lie about one 
dollar per bushel. 

In this climate it may succeed the w^heat crop 
when economy of land is desirable — thus two crops, 
one of wheat and one of maize, may be obtained 
from the same land in one year. This has been fre- 
quently done. The quantity of this grain necessary 
to maintain a farm horse in full vigor, with long 
forage, is about twelve or sixteen pounds each. It 
is generally fed in the grain, but is better ground, 
wdien a less amount is necessary. Its leaves are 
used as long forage, and considered equal to the best 
liay, while the stem is often substituted as litter for 
the cattle pen, it being an excellent absorbent of 
urine, etc., rotting very readily for the purposes of 
manure. 
9 



io6 ffiLLY Pine Region of 

During the late civil war it was found that about 
three-quarters of a pound of this grain, ground into 
meal, would support the strength of one man, and 
maintain him in perfect health. It was very often 
the only farinaceous food used in the hospitals in 
Virginia for convalescents ; and though it was said 
and believed by many to have been the great cause 
of the mortality among patients suffering from 
chronic bowel affections, yet there was no reason to 
attribute the fatality exclusively to this article of 
diet, after the patient had been habituated to its use. 
The army of Northern Virginia, under General Lee, 
certainly experienced as much exemption from this 
disease as did the United States soldiers, who 
enjoyed an abundant commissai'iat and all the 
hospitcil luxuries with whicli that army was sup- 
plied. The al'und iicr <» oil in tins grain sliows it 
to coirtrriii, in tiji& respect, one of the essential nu- 
rririve qualities of food; and as an indication of its 
health fulness as an article of diet, the Georgian 
is certainly a favorable illustration, since it is 
among our people really the principal farinaceous 
food; and there is not a finer race of men or 
women to be found in any region of the world, both 
for personal appearance and vigor oK constitution. 
The long journeys performed by the Indian runner, 
with no food but a few pints of parched nniize, is a 
practical illustration of its strength-sustaining pro- 
perty ; and as an article of diet, when prepared by 
a Southern housekeeper of the olden time, there 
was certainly nothing more delicious. Those 
who are only familiar with the "Indian pudding" 
of the iN'orthern table, can form no ideii of the 



Georgia and South Carolina. 107 

variety of breads made from it b}' a Southern cook. 
As compared with wheat, rye, oats and barley, this 
grain as an article of food may be estimated as one 
third cheaper. 

Wheat. 

The almost entire devotion of labor to cotton and 
maize, and the appropriation of fertilizers to these 
productions exclusively, has produced a very errone- 
ous impression as to the adaptation of the soil and 
climate of Middle Georgia and South Carolina to 
the production of this grain. A few isolated experi- 
ments, made before the w^ar, in both clay and mixed 
lands (viz : cUi}^ and sandy soil), proved that these 
lands are well adapted to the cultivation of wheat as 
a crop on a large scale, and but for the present high 
price of cotton, and the certainty of the crop, there 
are many farmers who might be induced to enter 
into its almost exclusive productio.i. The higher 
price of southern wheat in northern markets, owing 
to \i^ "superior dryness and unfermentable qimlities" 
as asserted by a w^riter in DeBow's Review, should 
recommend it to the agriculturists who may come 
among us. This writer states that southern wheat 
often weighs 70 lbs. to the bushel. So far as 
I liave been able to ascertain, the greatest yield 
on well manured clay land, in this State, has 
been about forty bushels, or nearly two thousand 
eight hundred pounds to the acre. In this State, 
and South Carolina, this cereal has few enemies, as 
yet, to injure its productiveness — such as the fly, 
til read and joint worm, so destructive in Virginia — • 
and though the rust and smut occasionally injure it, 



io8 Hilly Pine Region of 

there are certain varieties of the plant which have 
so far escaped the ravages of this fungus. It, there- 
fore, may he k:>oked upon as ahiiost a certain crop, 
even with the present careless manner of preparing 
the land and seed, and the absence of fertilizers to 
stimulate healthy and vigorous growth ; and when 
the same care and skill are applied to it as have 
been devoted to cotton and corn, there is no reason 
to doubt that we shall become large exporters of this 
important article of food. 

Bye. 

This grain has generally been sown by our planters 
as green food for young cattle, in the spring of 
the year, and is scarcely ever harvested in the grain. 
So far as I have been able to ascertain, it is a cer- 
tain crop, and has generally produced as abundantly 
as wheat. It is never used, out of our cities, as an 
article of diet; and, therefore, little is brought from 
the country, being mostly imported from the north. 
The certainty of its nuituring here recommends it 
to the consideration of the farmer, and as our cities 
are filled up with a foreign population the demand 
must increase, and it will eventually become an 
article of home production. Already is the value 
of this grain beginning to be appreciated by the 
southern farmer, and but for reasons before men- 
tioned, it would no doubt receive the consideration 
it demands from our agriculturists. 

Oats 

Are found to yield as abundantly as any' of the 
other grains, and are generally soAvn in the autumn, 
though they have been found to produce equally 



Georgia and South Carolina. 109 



well when sown in the Hprino'. If not as heavy as 
northern oats, their value is materially increased 
from the fact of their cominji; into market much 
earlier. 

Harley^ 

On our clay lands, produces equally as well as any 
of the other grains, and is generally used as a 
green, winter and s|)]'ing pasturage. 

Cotv Pea ( Viria). 

This legume is generally cultivated throughout the 
whole region of Georgia and Carolina, from the sea- 
board to the base of the Blue Ridge mountains, 
ranking next in importance to corn and wheat, in 
the estimation of the planter, both as forage for 
cattle and food for man. The yield is from six to 
twenty bushels per acre, and sells in the cities at 
about the price of corn. As feed for horses it is 
considered a[>t to gripe, but it is said, when boiled or 
simply scalded witli liot water, to be the best of feed 
for milcli cows, as it is thought to stimulate the 
secretion of milk. In the low country it was given 
as a ration to the plantation laborers, and w^as much 
relished by them when boiled with a piece of bacon ; 
indeed, it often entered into the culinary department 
of the mansion, and several very fine dishes were 
made with it. ])uring the war there were man}- 
families, who, with corn meal, made it their prin- 
cipal article of food, as being the cheapest and most 
nutritious food to be liad. As a fertilizer, and reno- 
vator of old and worn lands, it was introduced to 
the notice of the ]_)lanter by Mr. Ruiiin, of Virginia, 
who, by its use as a green fertilizer, restored 
several places to their original fertility. 



no j^iLLY Pine IIegion of 

Tlie experiments in relation to its fertilizing 
quality veriiied the predictions of Mr. Kuffin. 

When broadcast upon the unploughed land, 
and turned in with an ordinary plough, about 
four inches deep, in the early part of May, it Avill 
produce its flowers about the latter of Jnly, and is 
then said to be in the best stage of growth for 
ploughing in as a green manure. About the first or 
middle of October the Uxnd may be sowed in wheat. 
A friend in Virginia, who tried this experiment in 
some worn-out land, assured me that it had brought 
his lands to a high state of fertility, and that he 
would rather do without guano or the super-phos- 
phates than the pea. When crab grass is allowed 
to grow with the pea, and is cut with the vine 
for hay, it is said to make the most nutritious 
of all forage, and is ravenously devoured by cattle 
as well as horses. 

Hoots, 

In no vegetable productions do our soil and cli- 
mate show their superiority over any other part of 
the world, and adaption to the wants of agricul- 
ture, than in the largo return careful labor receives 
from this branch of agriculture. 

Sweet I^otato. 

A yield of four hundred bushels to the acre 
is not an uncommon result from the proper cul- 
tivation of this root ; and when it is considered in 
its various relations to the economy of the farm, its 
value cannot be overrated. As an article of diet for 
man, it is both nutritious and digestible; and for 
cattle and hogs it is one of the b^st fatteners. A 



pEORGiA AND ^OUTH CAROLINA. Ill 

hand may cultivate five acres with the other produce 
of a farm : and after gathering as much as may be 
necessary for a winter's supply on the farm, the hogs 
may be turned into the field, when they will very 
soon fatten upon the remainder. This root gene- 
rally sells in our market towns at from seventy-five 
ceuts to one dollar per bushel; and if shipped to 
the I^orthern cities, in the early season, always 
brings very remunerative prices to the shipper. 
As they are easilj^ damaged by frost, it is neces- 
sary to protect them against the weather, which 
is generally done on the plantation in a very simple 
manner. The roots are piled on the ground in 
hills of about twenty bushels, covered over with 
cornstalks, which are in turn covered with earth 
several inches thick ; over this is placed a rude 
shelter to keep oft rain. By this simple means 
the root is efiectually protected until the spring, 
when they are again planted out. 

Cow-pen manure, and the phosphates, have been 
found the best fertilizers for this root, as well as for 
all others. 

Irish Potatoes 

(As the "Solanum Tuberasum," or common potato 
is called, in Georgia and South Carolina), return an 
abundant yield to the agriculturist; but as they 
mature quite early in this climate they generally 
become unfit for v.inter use. They are commonly 
planted with us about January or February, and are 
ready for use as early as June, and may be permitted 
to remain in the ground until August and Septem- 
ber. It is very probable that if planted in July they 



112 Hilly Pine Region op 

might be easily kept all winter, but as the experi- 
ment has never been tried on a large scale, it might 
not prove successful. Very large quantities are 
shipped to northern ports in the early season, and 
the enterprising gardeners of our Sand Hills and 
seaboard have made large sums of money by ship- 
ping them. 

Beets. 

This root grows on the clay lands bordering on 
the Sand Hill region and the argillaceous sandy 
soil in the hills, to a very large size, yielding an 
abundant crop. Its cultivation on a large scale has 
never been attempted that I am aware of, though it 
is most probable that its valuable qualities as feed 
for cattle will come to be appreciated when stall 
feeding of cattle becomes generally adopted by the 
farmers, or as a new set of men come into the coun- 
try. From four to six pounds weight has been 
produced to the single beet in the garden, and 
this with no great care in their cultivation. 

Turnips. 

Like the beet, this root grows well, rewarding 
the careful farmer with an abundant yield. It is 
generally sown in the month of September, and 
allow^ed to remain in the ground all winter, and is 
either dug and fed in the pen to cattle and sheep, or 
else they are turned upon it as winter pasture. 

To the dairy farmer its value is incalculable, since 
it always yields abundantly, and, in connection with 
rye and barley, he may have all winter green food 
for his milch cows. 



Georgia and South Caj^oliha. 115 

All the garden vegetables are produced in this 
climate at least six weeks earlier than in the north- 
ern States ; thus aftbrding to the gardener a most 
remunerative return in the ready sale they meet 
with in the northern cities. 

JPiiosphatic Deposits and Marl Beds, 

The existence of immense deposits of fossil bones 
in the Charleston basin, has been known to the nu- 
merous geologists who have examined the tertiary 
regions of South Carolina, but their great richness in 
phosphate of lime was not actually demonstrated 
until within a short time since, when Professor 
Holmes and Dr. I*^. A. Pratt gave them a careful 
analysis, and found them as rich in this important 
element of fertility as the best guano from the 
Pacific. 

^'This bed," says Dr. Pratt, "is found cropping out 
on the banks of the Ashley, Cooper, Stono, Coosaw, 
and Combahee rivers, and their tributaries; but is 
developed most heavily and richly on the Ashley, 
and no doubt extends along the coast east, and es- 
pecially west, to unknown limits, and has been found 
as far inland as forty or fifty miles. 

"J^ear the Ashley river it paves the public high- 
way for miles; it seriously impedes the cultivation 
of the land, afi:brding scarcely soil enough to give 
*bed to the cotton rows,' and in many places the 
'rock' is thrown into piles on the lawns, or into 
causeways over ravines, to get them out of the way 
of the plough. It underlies many square miles of 
surface continuously, at a depth varying from six 
inches to twelve feet or more, and exists in such 



114 j4iLLY Pine Regiok op 



quantity that in some localities from five hnndred to 
one thousand tons or more underlies each acre. In 
fact it seems there are no rocks in this section which 
are not phosphates." Various analysis of this deposit 
show from 30.40 to 55.92 per ceutage of phosphate 
of lime, and ev^eii greater can be found. 

In consequence of this discov^erj^ a company was 
soon formed under the title of "Sulphine Acid and 
Superphosphate Company," which is now in a pros- 
perous condition, engaged not only in manufacturing 
the superphosphates, but is also shipping large por- 
tions of the unground material to England, and our 
northern States. Dr. Pratt thus concludes his in- 
structive and valuable pamphlet: 

We are in need of capital, labor, mining and manu- 
facturing skill, enterprise and energy. Our mountains 
are full of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, manganese, 
and sulphur. Our midland belt abounds in the purest 
kaolin or China clay, now dail}^ applied to some new or 
novel use. Also, in the best ol* tire-proof clays and 
sands for glass, pottery, and crucible manufacture, and 
now is discovered for the tirst time in the history of 
America, that which for many years overlooked, is of 
all else in the State or County most valuable to our 
agricultural community, for the calcarious beds of South 
Carolina, heretofore recognized as the most valuable in 
the world, contains an element of fertility which is 
destined to remodel our system of agriculture ; restore 
activity, energy, and life to our people ; give contidence 
to trade ; spread out the tiapping sails of commerce, 
and impart fertility and verdure to the exhausted acres 
of the w^orld. 

In reading the above description of this phos- 
phatic deposit, it would seem that the Chinca Islands 
of the Pacific luive been brought to our very doors, 
and that when we have recovered from the paralysis 



Georgia and South Caholika. 115 

now aftecting agriculture, that we shall commence 
ajrain with the most favoral)le conditions which 
could liave been devised to secure certain success. 

To the middle and back country of Georgia, as 
well as Carolina, this discovery is of incalculable 
value, since it will be available to all portions of the 
two States, and vvill no doubt be furnished at half 
the cost of the Peruvian guano, and even cheaper 
than the manufactured fertilizers so generally used 
among us. 

In the inexhaustible beds of shell lime and marl 
deposited throughout the Eocene bed of the tertiary 
strata, in close proximity to lines of railroad near the 
Sand Hill region, we have the same fertilizers which 
have added so materially to the vakie and produc- 
tiveness of the sandy lands of 'New Jersey. With 
demand for this article, enterprise and capital would 
soon be found to make these beds available for agri- 
cultural as well as building purposes. 

The Central railroad passes through this Eocene 
formation in Scriven, Burke, Jefferson, and Wash- 
ington counties, containing many fine deposits of 
shell and shell lime stone immediately in its track 
which may be seen along the route, especially in 
Jefferson and Washington counties. Says Dr. Jones: 

We have selected the deposit in this locahty for an 
early examination and report, because it yields lime of 
an excellent quality for architectural purposes, and be- 
cause it is inexhaustible, containing lime sufficient to 
supply every planter and architect in Georgia. 

The shell Hmestone can be obtained in inexhaustible 
quantities from the sides of the hills, without any ex- 
cavation, and without suffering any inconvenience from 
an accumulation of water. 

This shell limestone will yield 1030 pounds of excel- 



ii6 j^iLLY Pine Region of 

lent lime to the ton. For agricultural purposes it will 
yield 1837 pounds of carbonate of lime, and 122 pounds 
of phosphate of lime. 

The shell limestone of Georgia is richer in lime, and 
contains less impurities than the majority of the lime- 
stones and marls of Europe and of the United States, 
and is fully equal to the best limestones and marls 
found in Europe and America. 

The shell limestone of Georgia is capable of fur- 
nishing lime for architectural purposes equal in purit}" 
and quality to any in Europe or America. 

The limestone of Georgia is more suitable for agri- 
cultural purposes than the limestones of the older for- 
mations in Europe and America, in two most important 
respects : 

(1) It contains less magnesia 

(2) It contains a much larger proportion of the 
phosphates. 

The marls of Georgia are as rich in carbonate of 
lime as the marls of Europe, and of other portions of 
the United States. 

The marls of Georgia are richer in phosphatic acid 
and its compounds, than the majority of the marls of 
Europe and of the other parts of the United States, 
and are fully equal to the richest marls of Maryland, 
South Carolina and Alabama. 

One of the beds of Georgia marl yielded near seven 
per cent, of phosphate of lime, and could give to the 
300 bushels more than one thousand ])Ounds of the 
phosphate of lime. Several of the analyses of the 
marls of Maryland and South Carolina show a higher 
per cent, of phosphate of lime than those of Georgia, 
but I find upon reference to the accompanying descrip- 
tion, that the specimens were selected from deposits 
rich in bones and excrements of fish and fragments of 
corals. I have in my possession bones and corpolites 
from the shell limestone and marl beds of Geoi-gia 
which would yield a higher per centage of phosphates 
even than those of Mar>iand and South C'arolina. 

In tlie marls, then, as well as in the shell limestone, 
Georgia possesses inexhaustible stores of phosphate of 
lime. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 117 

We may then, with truth, affirm that in this import- 
ant element of fertility Georgia is independent of the 
world. 

The value of these deposits of marl to the horticul- 
turist is incalculable, since it has been proven by ex- 
perience that scrape particularly is very materially 
benefited by it. One vineyard, which had, from 
some reason or other, ceased to ripen its fruit per- 
fectly, produced a prolific crop of most delicious 
fruit after having been supplied with the phosphate 
of lime existing in the marl of this region. 

Fruit Culture — Peach, 

It is only within a few years that the cultivation 
of fruit has received the attention its importance 
demanded, since it was discovered that a large por- 
tion of the Sand Hill soil was better adapted to it 
than any other production. The late Mr. William 
Gregg, the founder of the Graniteville factory, de- 
serves the credit of being the pioneer in this enter- 
prise. He appropriated a portion of his wealth to 
this branch of horticulture, and set out the first large 
peach orchard with the view^ of supplying ISTorthern 
markets. The investment having proved profitable, 
others soon followed his example, and very soon 
fruit, particularly the peach, became an important 
item of transportation with the steamers running 
from Charleston to Kew York. There are now sev- 
eral orchards of a hundred acres in the neighbor- 
hood of Aiken, and though they were very much 
neglected during the war, because of the necessity 
of devoting labor exclusively to the production of 
grain, yet they are now receiving proper attention, 
and it is expected that their former profitableness 



Il8 J^ILLY j^INE JR. 



EGION OF 



will reward the oreharclist for bis labors. The earlier 
varieties of this fruit ripen about the 20th June, and 
command from $15 to $20 per bushel in the New 
York market. It is stated, upon reliable autliority, 
that several persons in that vicinity have realized 
more than $500 per acre in favorable seasons. The 
trees usually commence to bear the third year, and 
then produce from a peck to two bushels per tree. 
The disease known as the yellows has not as yet 
made its appearance, and the land l)eing' poor, it is 
not so liable to those fungus diseases which seem to 
result from a superabundance of sap and the too 
rapid development of fruit. The peach grown in 
the Sand Hill region surpasses all others in flavor, 
and often attains a size which would scarcely be 
credited unless seen. The trees are generally planted 
from sixteen to twenty feet apart, giving from 112 
to 175 trees to the acre, and ripen from June to 
I^ovember, according to the varieties planted. Ripen- 
ing a nionth or six weeks earlier than the New Jersey 
and Delaware peach, there is always a ready sale to 
be had in the northern cities; and when the supply- 
is sufhciently increased to warrant the running of 
steamers regularly from Savannah and Charleston, 
to transport the fruit, this no doubt will be done, 
and thus it must become a certain source of profit- 
able income. There are now several large nurseries 
in this region engaged in supplying the demand 
for young trees, since it has been found that 
our native varieties are not only superior to the 
northern fruit in flavor and beauty, but are also less 
apt to sufl:er from late frosts and mildew. The 
cheapness of land favorable to the growth of the 



Georgia and South Carolina. 



D South Carolina. 119 



peach, enables lis to supply the old orchard by a new 
one when the soil of the first has been exhausted of 
those elements of nutrition necessary to the perfect- 
ing of the fruit, whicli in the experience of the Del- 
aware growers occurs in about twenty years ; whilst 
the abundance of woodland enables the orchardist 
to protect his trees from high winds, which are found 
to injure very materially the productiveness of the 
orchard. 

Grape Culture, 

"Previous to the war," says Mr. A. de Caradeux, 
of Aiken, S. C, "we considered the grape culture 
as the most profitable, and the most certain of all 
crops. For a lapse of fifteen years before 18(J3, we 
had lost but two or three crops from extremely lute 
and severe frosts. Of the rot we suffered but little. 
The wine nuide by us was of excellent quality, and 
sold at very remunerative prices, and we considered 
that a vineyard of ten acres, attended by one man 
(a very moderate task), was, on an average, good for 
an income of $1,500 or $2,000; some yielding much 
more and some a little less. In 18G2 we had a mag- 
nificent crop of grapes, and the wine made from 
them could not be surpassed in quality or flavor 
After that year, the owners of vineyards were either 
in the army, or when at home were compelled from 
many causes to neglect their orchards and vineyards 
in order to make bread. In every country neglect 
is fatal to the vine. Ours began to fail, and the more 
they failed the more we neglected them. After the 
war we were ruined, and reduced to the verge of 
starvation, without means to live on save by the 
labor of our own hands, we could not devote any 



120 Willy Pine jplEGioN of 

portion of our own time to a crop requiring two 
years to pay. We had to make corn. The vineyard 
was more than ever neglected ; the unpruned vines 
fruited poorly, and the little fruit rotted ; all, except 
the never-failing Scuppernong, that never rots — 
never fails — care or no care, it makes hut little dif- 
ference with it. 

"'Before discarding the other grapes, let me im- 
press upon our people my very strong belief that 
our vineyards can yet be regenerated. Let those 
who have the means try the experiment. Prune 
them carefully and heavily, saving strong suckers 
where the main stem is not sound. Plough them, 
hoe around them, give them phosphate of lime, keep 
them clear of grass and weeds, and well tied to the 
stakes. This belief is strictly supported by facts, in 
a few vines of my own, and in the entire crop of Mr. 
Derby, near Aiken. This gentleman lately settled 
on a place with a large unproductive vineyard. He 
had large means at his disposal ; he tried and did 
every thing required to regenerate his vineyard, and 
his la^^or was rewarded. His grapes were splendid ; 
ripened well, and more than repaid all his outlay. 
This fact shows conclusively what culture and atten- 
tion can do for our present neglected vineyards. 
They did well before the war, when they were taken 
care of; they failed when neglected ; and after the 
war, the only one which has received proper culture 
does well at once, while others around it have again 
failed from neglect. I do not, therefore, consider 
grape culture a failure, by any means, but think the 
prospect very encouraging. Should a cultivator, 
however, wish to discard all the varieties Uable to 



Georgia and South Cai^olina. i^i 

the rot, let him confine himself to the faithful 
Scuppernong. This hardy variety never rots, and 
never fails of a crop. It requires but little pruning 
to keep it in shape; very little culture; is a strong- 
grower, accommodating itself to all lands, rich and 
poor, clayey or sandy, dry or wet. The wine made 
from it is of pleasant flavor; rather weakly when 
new, but improves with age. When pure it is like 
some of the Rhenish or Mozelle wines, a little too 
acid. It is much improved by the addition of 
alcohol or brandy and sugar. This is scarcely an 
objection, for it is well known that most of the 
choicest brands of foreign whines receive more or less 
of these ingredients Should many foreigners settle 
among us, I look for a large and rapid increase of 
our vineyards, and wine will become an important 
item of exportation on our list." 

Mr. H. W. Ravenel, of Aiken, to whom lam also 
indebted for the following valuable remarks on grape 
culture, taken from an instructive pamphlet on the 
subject, writes : 

A-s our remarks are intended for grape culture at the 
south, we will here name the varieties which seem to 
be most in favor at present (January, 1868), as most 
hardy and free of disease — most productive, and best 
adapted to lime. 

Of these the opinion is almost universally favorable 
to the Scuppernong and its allied kind. This grape has 
long been known. It is a native of North Carolina, 
found in abundance growing wild about Scuppernong 
lake or river, on its eastern shore. It is undoubtedly 
one of the chance varieties, or seedlings, which some- 
time spring up ; sports or variations from the usual 
ty|)e, which can only be propagated by layers, cuttings, 
or grafts. In ninety-nine out of a hundred cases (speak- 
ing generally) if the seed is ])lanted, the offspring is a 
black grape of inferior quality, showing a tendency to 
resort to the original or wild variety. We have tried 
10 



122 tllLLY -KlNE KEGION OF 



j=^INE JR.] 



many, perhaps fifty or sixty seedlings of this grape, all 
selected from seeds of the fruit and best matured 
grapes, and in every instance the oftspring was a black 
grape. Those familiar with the wild grapes, found in 
the woods, are aware of the difference in quality of 
fruit (natives even then showing a tendency toward 
variation) ; some vines bearing a nice and eatable fruit, 
others a small, hard, and inferior fruit. We suppose 
that the original vine from which the so-called Scupper- 
nong has been pro])agated, was an accidental seedling 
of very superior quality (accidental as w^e understand 
the term) ; and as such a good variety was found ready 
made to our use, by nature's methods, it has been 
propagated and extended by subdivisions of the 
original plant. It is not at all impossible that, by the 
planting of seeds of this grape, a variety even superior 
to this may be raised. 

This process, viz: the planting of seeds and raising- 
new varieties which will be specially adapted to the 
conditions in which they originate, is the triil}' rational 
and most philosophical mode by which we may expect 
to improve all our varieties of fruit. 

The Thomas grape is another superior variety of 
bullace. For its history, and that of the Flovers 
grape, we are indebted to Mr. Daniel Fare, of Marion 
District, South ('arolina, who sent specimens of 
the fruit to the "Vine Growers Convention," in 
Aiken, in 1860, and afterward supplied us with the 
plants. In his letter he says : 

The Thomas grape was originally found near an old 
camp of Gen. Marion's, at a place known as the 
"Bowling Green," about four miles above Marion Court 
House. It ripens about ten days earlier than the 
Scuppernong, and from four to six weeks earlier than 
the Flowers. The Flowers grape was first found on Ash 
Pole swamp, about the border line between Marion 
District and Hoberson county, ISTorth Carolina. 
These again w^ere chance seedlings of nature's planting. 
The first of these, the Thomas, is semi-transparent, 
pinkish, turning nearly black — very sweet, and having 
an aromatic and honey flavor. We sent specimens 
of the fruit this season to Mods. L. Merzeau, a French 



Georgia and South Carolina. 123 

vinter and wine maker, in the vicinit}^ of Aiken, and 
lie isays it is the best of all the bullace grapes he has 
tried for wine. It is a great bearer, and ripens a few 
days before the Scuppernong, say about the middle of 
September, in this latitude. 

The Flowers grape is an enormous bearer — berries 
large, nearly- black, strongly attached to the stems, 
in clusters of ten, fifteen, or twenty; with thick skin 
and solid, fleshy pulp; ripening about the beginning of 
October, and hanging on the vine until frost. We 
have not seen it tried for wine, but it is the best known 
gra])e for preserves, jellies, etc. It would scarcely 
mature beyond the northern limits of North Carolina, 
but being a late grape, the advantage of having a cool 
season for the manufacture and fermentation of the 
wine, may make it a desirable grape for that purpose. 

These grapes like all the varieties of the bullace 
never rot. Their thick skin protects the juices within 
from the change of seasons, and the late period at 
which they put forth the flowers is a safe guard 
against spring frosts. They ma}^ be always relied uj^on 
for good crops, and in rich soils their jneld is very 
great. 

The Clinton (a variety of the small summer grape, a 
Vitis jEstivalis), is now the favorite grape of this class 
for wine. The berries are small, and the quality not 
good as a table grape; but the vine is hardy, vigorous 
and healthy; fruit not subject to disease, and makes a 
Avine of good quality. We have, also, found the "Dr. 
Pearson," a small black grape of this class very prom- 
ising as a wine grape, and similar to the Clinton in its 
character. The fruit is small, and not good for the 
table, but the vine is very healthy ; a good bearer, and 
has never rotted during the six or eight years we have 
had it, though in seasons where other grapes have 
failed. 

The Catawba (of the Vitis Lahrusca, a large grape 
family) is an old standard wine and table grape, and is 
still a favorite in many quarters. This, like most others 
of the Labrusca and .Estivalis species of grape, feels 
the efl'ects of adverse seasons, and occasionally rots ; 
though our own experience is that it is more exempt 
than most others of its class. 

In this State (South Carolina) Dr. A. P. Wylie, of 



124 Hilly Pine Region of 

Chester, has been engaged for ten or twelve years in 
this mode (hybridizing) of improving our grapes. He 
has planted many hundreds of seeds which he had pre- 
viously hybridized, and these seedlings are now coming 
into bearing. We have seen and tested many of the 
specimens. Among them are many beautiful varieties ; 
some for a table grape, comparing well with the best 
European kinds ; others highly promising as wine 
grapes. Many of his grapes are such as to leave but 
little more to desire ; they onl}^ need longer trial to 
test their hardiness and their adaptation to our soil 
and climate. 

In 1866, the citizens of Aiken, desirous of attract- 
ing the attention of immigrants and others to their 
neighborhood, appointed a number of their most 
prominent residents to draft a report upon the ad- 
vantages of the vicinity with respect to its remedial 
influences upon puhiionary consumption, and also its 
horticultural, agricultural, and manufacturing re- 
sources, from which report I copy the following re- 
marks, in relation to grape culture. 

Around Aiken, nearly 500 acres are now planted in 
grapes ; the vines are heal'thy and vigorous ; the pecu- 
liar dryness of the atmosphere ; the rolling surface, and 
the light porous nature of the soil, which quickly dis- 
charges all superfluous moisture, makes it especially 
adapted to the grape culture. The qualit}^ of the fruit 
surpasses that of other sections, both in high flavor 
and per centage of saccharine matter. The grapes 
begin to ripen about the middle of July, and are ready 
for the press some time in August. 

The vines are generally planted in rows ten feet 
apart, and about six feet in the row, making about 750 
plants to the acre. They are rarely injured by the 
frosts. A vineyard once properly started is an inheri- 
tance for one's children. Mr. Axe, of Georgia, ofl'ered 
to guarantee twenty-five hundred gallons of wine per 
acre to those employing him to superintend and plant 
their vineyards. 

Prof Hume, in an address delivered to the Aiken 
Yine Growing Association, in 1860, stated that he was 



Georgia and 3outh Carolina. 125 

commissioned by New York houses to purchase all the 
Aiken wines he could get at $2 per gallon, as dealers in 
wines found these best for making their "bases." 

It is estimated that wine can be produced at twenty 
cents per gallon, and the demand, even at $2, is fully 
equal to the supply. 

We thus see from the preceding that the neigh- 
borhood of Aiken is well adapted to the vine. The 
land adapted to the vine culture can be purchased 
at from two to five dollars per acre. Her citizens 
are anxious to sell their lands to actual settlers, and 
will, by their own statements, extend every assist- 
ance to those who may come among them to assist 
in developing the immense resources of that favored 
and healthful region. These advantages, however, 
are not peculiar to that immediate vicinity ; the 
whole extent of the Sand Hill region, as described 
in the physical geography of the region, possesses 
the same inducements, in pointof cheapness of land, 
productiveness in fruit, healthfulness, manufacturing 
and transportation facilities. 

Mr. P. J. Berckmans, an experienced and highly 
educated horticulturist, owning one of the most 
beautiful, extensive and profitable nurseries in the 
south, has been kind enough to furnish me with a 
paper on grape culture, read before the Richmond 
County (Georgia) Agricultural Club, from wliich I 
extract the following remarks : 

Can the grape be cultivated here with a fair prospect 
of profit? is a question that is first asked by new 
beginners. It can be answered in the affirmative, pro- 
vided the right varieties be planted. 

The Concord has been pronounced at the North and 
West the grape for the '■'•million,'" and the poor man's 
wine-grape. This is true for those sections; but not 
for the Southern States. We have a grape indigenous 
to the country, which is more deserving that appellation 



126 Willy Pine Region of 

for us: one that will thrive on a rocky hill as well as 
in a rich bottom; never failing to produce a crop of 
fruit; never having been known to rot, and, above all, 
needing no exj^erienced hand to trim it. I refer to the 
Scuppernong. Its capacity of production is fabulous, 
when compared to other vineyard varieties. Vines 
planted six years ago, upon land that would not pro- 
duce ten bushels of corn to the acre, in avei-age years, 
have produced one and a half bushels of fruit each, and 
this is the fourth crop. They were planted without 
regard to the arbor training, under which mode the 
Scuppernong attains its largest size, but simply trained 
upon a wire trellis four feet high; the distance twenty 
feet in the row. What will an acre produce at this 
rate, and what will it produce, if properly trained and 
planted in a rich soil ? 

Instances of a single vine covering one acre of 
ground are numerous, and sixteen barrels of wine its 
product in a single season. These are exceptions which 
vine growers must not all expect to realize. But they 
are merely given as evidence of its wonderful fertility. 
Its culture is the simplest of all modes, and the outlay 
required to establish an acre is insignificant as com- 
pared with the prices of the new varieties. Enough of 
the former to plant an acre can be procured for the 
price of a half dozen new comers. 

The next best wine graj^e is the Clinton, whose merits 
are now sufficiently known to give it its rank among 
the great wine grapes of the countr}^ It is of 
Northern origin, hut improves as it is brought south- 
ward. It is very prolific, and makes a heavy bodied 
claret. Other varieties are coming into notice, and bid 
fair to make valuable additions to this class of grapes: 
such are the "Ives Seedling," etc., 

Our good table grapes are becoming numerous. 
First comes Delaware, which seems to thrive every- 
where South. Isabel bids fair to even excel the 
Delaware; its quality is superior to any of its class; so 
far it has not decayed, although, from the short time of 
its introduction South, we cannot form a decided 
opinion as to its ultimate behavior; still two years' 
fruiting, during which it bore perfectly sound crops, 
and this during a period when many other varieties, of 
like recent introduction, decayed, is a fair beginning 



Georgia and South Carolina. 127 

and like!}' to end well. Hartford Prolific is yet our 
best very early grape. As a profitable market fruit it 
stands first in order. The biinebes and berries are 
large, of fine appearance, fair quality, and stands 
carrying to market better than any other variety. It 
is not so liable to drop its berries as in Northern 
States. Its earliness will always make it command a 
high price. Miles is better in quality, fully, il not a 
little earlier but not so fine in appearance. 

Concord will long remain as one of our good grapes. 
Its skin is rather too thin to stand cai-rying to distant 
markets; but it is very prolific, of fine quality, and 
will doubtless make a good wine, although no experi- 
ments have as 3- et been tried upon a large scale. 

Onta>io or Union Village^ when well grown, rivals in 
size the Black Hamburg. It is a splendid looking grape, 
of good quality, and has decayed less than many of the 
heretofore considered reliable grapes. " When the 
Warren and Black July find a suitable soil and situation, 
no grape can com])are with either in the peculiar 
texture of the fruit. The vinous flavor of these 
varieties belongs only to the type of summer graj^e 
(Vitis ^stivalis) from which they originate, and they 
are all Avell described by Downing, when he calls them 
"bags of wine." Other varieties have their merits; but 
they alone have given more satisfaction generally than 
others; and we must be satisfied with them, especially 
if we expect to derive profit from grape-growing; and, 
until better varieties are produced, we must take them, 
as they combine variety enough to satisfy the most 
fastidious taste. 

The best soil for a vineyard is a dry calcareous loam, 
one containing natural salts and a proportionate 
quantity of vegetable matter. It is futile to expect a 
heavy grape crop upon soil too poor to be used for the 
cultivation of corn. 

The ditferent varieties of grapes will make difterent 
wines. Nearly all the varieties belonging to the Fox 
grape ( Vitis Lahrusca') will make a Hock. They ai*e 
better suited to the production of white wines than red 
ones, when used by themselves. The Catawba, the 
Venango, etc., give a rough wine when fermented upon 
the skins. The Concord, from its thinness of skin, 
contains less acrid matter, and will, therefore, make a 



128 



Hilly Pine Region of 



palatable red wine. The Lahnicas should have a 
portion of jEstivaiis mixed with them, wlien a red 
wine is desired. For instance, Catawba and Isabella, 
with a third: Clinton, Warren or Black July, will give 
a superior red wine. The ^l^stivalis class are more akin 
to the French wine gi'apes. The Clinton will give a 
tine (ylaret; Ohio^ or Jacques, something more resem- 
bling a Burgundy; Pauline, Warren and Black July 
will produce wines varying from a Sauterne to a 
Madeira. Scuppernong will make delicious Muscatel. 
Enough for all tastes; and it is to be hoped that as we 
have the elements of success in our hands, we shall no 
longer allow them to remain unproductive. 

Mamifactiiring Resources, 

As to the subject of manufacturing and mechani- 
cal employment at the south, and within the limits 
covered by this sketch, we, of course, look first to 
our natural resources for working power. Theoreti- 
cally, and by the map, we take a range beginning 
with Richmond on the James river, thence to Wel- 
don on the Roanoke, thence to Columbia on the 
Congaree river, thence to Augusta on the Savannah 
river, thence to Columbus on the Chattahoochee, and 
thence to Montgomery, Alabama, as indicative of a 
change of level. From all these points upward, the 
hydrographic indications are favorable to the devel- 
opment of an immense water power, for, besides 
the streams mentioned, there are others tributary to 
them, wdiich would chequer this whole range with 
hundreds upon hundreds of mill-sites, affording em- 
ployment to thousands of men, independent of the 
immense agricultural population required for their 
support. 

Within this range, with the power nature has so 
lavishly bestowed upon us we could, under proper 
management, undertake to do the whole cotton 
manufacture required for the world. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 1^9 

Under the old system of labor there was little or 
no inducement to invest capital in manufactures or 
in the promotion of the mechanical arts — for, as a 
general rule, with a productive soil and docile labor, 
the production of cotton was not only sufficiently 
remunerative, but a comparatively safe and easy 
application of capital. Thus, with the production 
of the cotton field we purchased everything, and 
made nothing but cotton. Our ploughs and mules, 
our horses and carriages, our bacon and corn to 
some extent, and in fact almost every thing required 
for our work, ease and comfort, came from the 

North and Europe. 

About the year 1845 this (juestion in political 
economy was gradually demanding solution: " What 
are ive to do loith our smylus ivhite population .^" for we 
had made our contributions to Texas, California, 
and other States, and still we had left a very large 
number of non-producers, whose labor should he 
made available, not only for their own support, but 
to the solid advantage of the State. Without sys- 
tem, or concert of action, individual sporadic eftbrts 
were made in various parts of the south by some ot 
our philanthropic, patriotic, and energetic citizens, 
to meet the question by the establishment of cotton 

factories. 

At Augusta, Col. Henry H. Cumming, Andrew J. 
Miller, and Mr. D*Antignac, took the lead, aided by 
lion. J. P. King, John Bones, C. J. Jenkins, and 
others, and succeeded in inaugurating an enterprise 
giving employment to thousands, and fully demon- 
strating the fact that at the south cotton manufac- 
turing w^ould attbrd the means of employment to 
our surplus white population, and prove far more 
remunerative to capitalists than cotton planting. 
11 



130 fiiLLY Pine Region op 

In our immediate neighborhood (Graniteville) the 
late Mr. Wm. Gregg demonstrated the same fact. 

The lapse of only one-fourth of a century would 
hardly justify an attempt to give an historical sketch 
of these enterprises, but, as usual with all such 
attempts at the South, they had at first to contend 
with great difficulties mainly from the want of prac- 
tical knowledge and experience ; but now that the 
enterprise, industry, and capacity of our own people 
have acquired the necessary training, we are success- 
ful. 

The quarterly dividend of five per cent, on six 
hundred thousand dollars made by the Augusta fac- 
tory, and the favorable report of the Graniteville 
company, show very conclusively what has been 
accomplished in this line, and naturally leads to the 
hope that our resources will at no distant day be 
fully developed. 

The fact stated in the Graniteville report, that the 
waste on the raw material is about ten per cent., 
shows how in that item a great saving is made by 
manufacturing at the South. In a mill using 3,000 
bales per year, at ten per cent, waste, there is of 
course a loss of 300 bales ; and while it may be true 
that they are counted as an element of cost in any 
goods made at the North or South, it is evident the 
freight, commissions, etc., on them are saved to the 
manufacturer at the South. The same remark is 
applicable to the cost of transportation of the raw 
material generally, as no one can suppose for a mo- 
ment that a bale of raw cotton can be sent to Lowell 
or Manchester, and there made into cloth as cheap 
per yard as it can be done at the South. There is 
another advantage, the raw material in transporta- 



Georgia and South Cai\olina. 131 

tion is liable to stealage, etc., from which the manu- 
factured goods are protected, and at the same price 
per pound for freight, etc., the expense of transpor- 
tation is of course ten per cent, less on the manu- 
factured than on the raw material. Takino' the dif- 
ference of value into consideration, the difference is 
even more than this in the expense of transporta 
tion. 

Description of the Augusta Canal, 

In September, 1844, Col. Henry H. Cumming and 
Hon. John P. King, at iheir own expense, engaged 
the services of Mr. Wm. Phillips, C. E., to make a 
reconnoisance of a Hne suggested by him for a canal 
for manufacturing purposes, and securing an abun- 
dant supply of water to the city. The examination 
was made and a favorable report received from Mr. 
Phillips, which was submitted to the friends of the 
enterprise, on the 9th January, 1845. Another sur- 
vey was made under the supervision of Mr. J. E. 
Thomson, C. E., F. C. Ames, and J. H. Grant, and 
as their report confirmed that of Mr. Phillips, a 
public meeting of the citizens was called, and it 
was determined by them to proceed with the work. 

An engineer of some reputation, Mr. C. O. San- 
ford, was put in charge of it, and made the final 
location. 

The fiscal operation was simple and effective. The 
City Council issued its bonds for the purpose of de- 
fraying the expense, with the understanding that 
there should be a special tax on real estate sufficient 
to meet the bonds at maturity. The estimated cost 
was 1104,000.00, of which the banks subscribed 
$4,000, leaving $100,000 to be raised by special tax. 



132 Hilly Pine Region OP 

In April, 1845, the final location was made, and 
the larger portion of the work put under contract — 
it was commenced in May following. 

The whole fall of forty-five feet was divided as 
follows, into three levels : The first level extending 
from Bull sluice to near Marbury street, about 6| 
miles in length, with a bottom slope of about six 
inches to a mile, reduced the fall to 41.36 feet, and 
from the first to the second level exlending from 
Meig's brickyard to Mcintosh street, the fall is 15 
feet, and the fall from the second to the third level, 
which extends from the Savannah road to Hawk's 
gully, is about 13 feet. The fall to the river is varia- 
ble, and may be taken at from 13 to 20 feet, accord- 
ing to the state of the river. It may be well to 
mention that this last fall was deemed of little im- 
portance in consequence of being subject to back 
water from the river. 

All these levels, near nine miles in length, were 
made with the same sectional area of water-vs-ay, the 
l)ottom being twent>^ feet wide, side slopes two to 
one, and water five feet deep. It was found, how- 
ever, after some time, that the improvements made 
in cotton machinery, b}' which it could be run at a 
much higher rate of speed than was supposed at the 
commencement of this work, would require more 
water, consequently the banks of the first level of 
the canal w^ere raised, also the dam in the river, and 
extended so that in the first level w^e have about 
eight instead of the five feet in depth, as originally. 
In the other levels the depth is as first mentioned. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 133 

To iifford II definite idea of the result of this canal 
enterprise, the following is taken from the published 
reports of Mr. Phillips : 



AUGUSTA FACTORY. 

Report of Avork, etc., for the year ending August 31, 
1866: 

Capital Stock 1600,000 00 

Operatives 615 

Spindles 14,340 

Looms 463 

Cotton used 2,232,000 lbs. 

Wood 800 cords 

Oil 2,600 galls. 

Starch 52,000 lbs. 

Production — Sheeting 3,573,000 yards 

Shirting 2,434,000 '' 

Drills 403,000 " 

AVater Power — 3 Jouval Turbines, 85 horse-power each 

3 - " 60 

Equal to 434 nominal horse-poAver. 



GRANITE 3IILLS. 

2 overshot Avater Avheels — 60 horse power. 
4 run of 4^ feet stones. 
4 operatives. 

Corn ground 8,000 bushels 

Wheat ground 8.000 

Other products 2.000 



AUGi:STA MILLS— FoK.MEKLY Cakmicuael's. 

2 cast iron turbines — 60 horse power. 
4 run of 4^ feet stones. 
6 operatives. 

Corn ground 40,000 bushels 

Wheat ground 8,000 *^ 

Other products, bran, and feed as usual. 



134 Willy Pine R 



EGION OF 



DANFOKTH'S MILLS. 

1 cast-iron turbine — 30 horse power. 

1 rim of stones. 

2 operatives. 

Corn ground 13,000 bushels 

Wheat ground 2,400 " 

Other products of bran and feed as usual. 
Barrel Factory not in operation. 

FALLS MILLS— Nelson & McIlwaine, Proprietors. 
(Grist Mill and Tobacco Factory.) 

One 45 horse power cast iron water wheel. 

Corn ground last year, 50,000 bushels. 

This is, also, the "Pioneer Tobacco Factoiy" of the 
State of Georgia. The proprietors having successfully 
introduced that important branch of industry three 
years ago. 

STOVALKS EXCELSIOR MILLS. 

4 water wheels, cast iron turbines — 60 horse power. 
4 run M feet stones. 2 millers. 5 laborers. 
Wheat ground 44,152 bushels 

Three teams engaged in the business of the mill. 

PARAGON MILLS. 
Mill burnt — about the same capacity as the above. 

GOVERNMENT BAKERY. 

15 horse power — now used as a machine shop by 
Pendleton & Boardman. 

AUGUSTA WATER WORKS. 

1 Jouval turbine — 45 horse power, working two 
double acting plunger pumps. 

Water supplied to the city for the year ending 31st 
August, 1866 .58,163,023 gallons 

MACHINE WORKS- Late Pistol Factory. 
1 cast-iron water wheel — 25 horse power. Abandoned. 



Georgia and South Carolina. 155 

URQUHAKT\S MII.LS. 

] easl-iroii Howell turl)iiio — 15 lioi-sc ])ower. 

1 wooden breast wheel — 15 horse power. 

2 operatives. 

Corn ground 5,250 bushels 

Wheat ground 400 " 

C. S. GOVERNMENT POWDER WORKS. 
Abandoned. 

C. S: GOVERNMENT MAC HINE AVORKS. 
Abandoned. P. Malone using it as a foundry. 

RECAPITULATION. 

21 water wheels — 775 horse power. 
641 operatives. 
15 run of stones. 

Products — Sheeting 3,573,000 3-ards 

Shirting 2,434,000 " 

Drills 403,000 " 

Total 6,410,000 yards 

Corn ground . .... 116,250 bushels 

Wheat ground. 59,952 

It may be instructive to pause here, and consider 
the history of our cotton manufacturing enterprise. 
It started with forty-seven stockholders, and a capi- 
tal of $143,000. 

Mr. A. M. Chase was requested to furnish the 
plans and specifications for a mill. He designed one 
of 5,000 spindles, which the stockholders deemed 
inadequate to the requirements, and very sensibly 
objected to it, insisting that the first mill should 
liave a working power of 10,000 spindles. 

Mr. Phillips, civil engineer, was requested to make 
the plans, ^specifications, and estimates for a mill of 
10,000 spindles, and under the supervision of Mr, 



136 Willy Pine R 



EGION OF 



Chase they were made out, and the mill No. 1 — 216 
leet in length, and 54 feet wide, 5 stories high — was 
erected by Goodrich and Crump, under the superin- 
tendence of Mr. Phillips. In this mill, when first 
started, there were 5,280 spindles ; they worked off 
beautifully, and the first dividend declared was about 
12J per cent. This of course induced the proprie- 
tors not only to fill up their mill 'No. 1, but to erect 
mill No. 2. 

These mills, as before mentioned, are 216 feet in 
length, and 54 feet in width, and 5 stories high. 

Mill No. 1 contains 8,960 spindles, and 314 looms. 
Mill No. 2 contains 5,769 spindles, and 188 looms. 

The product of both is 7,886,545 yards for last 
year. I would here state that under the direction of 
its able President, Mr. W, E. Jackson, and Superin- 
tendent F. Cogin, this factory received the encomium 
of Senator Sprague, of Rhode Island, himself a large 
manufacturer, as being the best managed factory in 
the United States, and regret that want of space 
prevents me from inserting the valuable semi-an- 
nual reports of Mr. Jackson for the last half year. 

In this particular instance (the canal and mills at 
Augusta) we see at a glance what may be done for 
the alleviation of the condition of our people in 
the distress caused by the very great change recently 
made in our system of labor. 

Let us take a retrospect of the last twenty or 
thirty years, and look at the head Avaters of Horse 
creek, then a barren waste of chalk clitt's (Kaolin) 
and pine forest, and we at once see the advantages 
accruing from manufacturing, which so many were 
at that time opposed to. 

When Mr. Gregg made his first reconnoisance of 



Georgia and South Cai^olina. 1*^7 

this region, then an old field, it wiis little anticipated 
that he would soon build upon it, in a few months, 
a thriving village, where the busy hum of the spin- 
dle would be heard, and education shed its influence 
upon the minds of the then ignorant inhabitants 
soon to be supported and employed by this enter- 
prising man. See Graniteville as it now stands, a 
monument of his genius and enterprise, and tlie 
thousands of persons benefited thereby. 
In a late report I find this statement : 

The production of the mill, including cotton on hand 
January, 1867, and since purchased, expenditures and 
cost of production, are as follows : 
Xumber of bales in warehouse January 1st, 1867. . 85 
Bouirht from Jan. 1, 1867, to March 1,*^1868 5701 



Total on hand and purchased 5786 

The average weight of a bale is 434 pounds, making 
a total of 2,511,124 pounds. The aggregate cost is 
$614,718.95; being at the rate of nearly 24^ cents 
average ]>er pound. The highest price paid was 33^ 
cents, and the lowest 12 cents. 

The quantity of cloth manufactured during the above 
j^eriod stands thus — 

POUNDS 

4-4 shoetingg^ 1,102,282 

I shirtings 583,265 

DriUings. 337,292 

f shirtings 227,067 



PIECES 

81,507 


YAKDS. 

3,182,290 


52,273 


2,038,254 


17,908 


685,908 


26,645 


1,075,249 



Total production. 2,249,906 178,333 6.981,701 

The average per week is 47,386 pounds, 3,805 pieces, 
151,191 yards. 

Assuming this average as a l^asis. the annual produc- 
tion will hereatter be about 8,000,000 yards. 

The gross profit, exclusive of the sales of waste, is 
$207,693.76. 

KAOLIN :\rANUFACTURINCT C03LPANY. 
About six miles from the city of Augusta, in the 
State of South Carolina, stands the Kaolin works, 



1^38 Willy Pine Region of 

erected in 1858, by an organized company, chartered 
the same year by the legishiture, with the privilege 
of issuing stock to the amount of $200,000, of which 
sum $100,000 has Ijeen issued in shares of $100 each. 
The w^orks were destroyed the last year of the war, 
and it was found necessary to assess fifty per cent, 
on the stock issued to rebuild the same. There are 
now three large kihis for the burning of ware, and 
one for the burning of fire brick. Workshops large 
enough to employ thirty or forty hands. 

The ware made is an article that will class between 
the C. C. and white granite. During the time the 
works were carried on they produced from four to 
five thousand dollars worth of ware per month, and 
would have produced more had they been employed 
to their maximum capacity. All the ingredients to 
make ware equal to the best English, are to be found 
in this district (Edgefield, S. C), if some one tho- 
roughly acquainted with the process of mixing the 
difiercnt materials could be induced to make the 
experiment. There are large beds of pure feldspar 
in this neighborhood, and the clays are equal to the 
very best found in England, according to the state- 
ments of persons acquainted w^ith the merit of both. 
The China clay or Kaolin has been analyzed by Dr. 
A. A. ^N'orges, State Assessor for Massachusetts, with 

the Ibl lowing result : 

AVater..'' 12.10 

Silica 41.46 

Alumina. 39.82 

Lime and Magnesia 1.86 

Per. ocid. Iron 602 

Titenicaeid 943 

The supply of the ware manufactured at these 
works is not adequate to the demand. Laboring 
under a great many disadvantages, the company has 



Georgia and South Carolina. 139 

shipped from two to three thousand tons of 2240 lbs. 
each, of the Kaolin clay, to the northern manufiic- 
turing establishments, and so pure and white is the 
article as to induce some enterprising person, less 
scrupulous than he should be, to send it back to us 
adulterating wheaten flour. 

The profit made by the company upon the maim- 
factured material and shipments of cla}', is fully 
equal to seventy-flve per cent., demonstrating that a 
better investment of capital could not be found than 
the establishment of such works throughout tliis 
region, and the enlargement of those already built. 
The supply of the raw material is inexhaustible, 
easily reached, laying below the red clay in some 
places only a few feet, the stratum being immenselj^ 
rich in some places. The facilities of obtaining fuel 
are unequalled, and the only want is capital, enter- 
prise, the right kind of labor, and the skill to 
direct it. 

For the above information I am indebted to Mr. 
G. A, Schaub, Superintendent of the Kaolin works. 

The preceding data, selected from a number of 
facts in our possession, have been selected only to 
show how profitable manufactures can be made in 
the Sand Hill region of these States, the reason 
whereof will suggest itself at once to the practical 
mind. It is no longer a matter of uncertainty, the 
fact is continually demonstrated to us that capital 
invested in southern manufacture will produce re- 
sults nowhere else obtained, and when we consider 
the number of mill sites extendino^ alons^ the whole 
region embraced in the Sand Hill section, with their 
close proximity to railroads and numerous naviga- 
ble streams, we may reasonably hope to see before 



140 Hilly Pine Region of 

many years the whole region covered with such 
man nfactu ring towns as Granitcville, affording a 
home to many now idle and ignorant people, when 
they may be brought under the benign influence of 
rehgion and education, and so taught as io become 
vakiable members of society, rather than the drones 
many of them now are. 

The following sketch of the great water power 
existing in Kichmond county alone, is taken from 
the Chronicle and Sentinel. 

THE MAGNIFICENT WATER POWER OF RICHMOND COUNTY 
IDLE AND UNDEVELOPED. 

Few, even, of our own citizeiiH, have any knowledge 
of the magnificent water power that might he developed 
by the streams which intersect and bound Eichmond 
county 

Kich.mond county, so called from the Duke of Eich- 
mond, a British nobleman, and friend of the rebels of 
1776, is, in shape, nearly triangular, lying in the fork 
marked by Brier and McBean creeks and the Savannah 
river, and contains about 3^0 square miles, its longer 
line being about twenty-five and the shorter fifteen 
miles. The Savannah river, on its eastern boundary, 
aftbrds the water power which gives the fall of twenty- 
eight feet in a distance of nine miles, and the volume 
of a stream about five hundred 3'ards in width, within 
the corporation limits of the city of Augusta. 

The county is bounded and intersected by the Savan- 
nah river, Brier creek, McBean creek, Little Spirit creek, 
Big Spirit creek, Butler's creek. Cupboard creek, Eae's 
creek, and Eed's creek. AVe purpose to indicate such 
prominent sites on the several streams in the county 
which afi'ord power enough to run a factory of not less 
than five thousand spindles, saying nothing about the 
magnificent power of the Savannah river, nor of infe- 
rior water power. 

Brier Creek — This creek aff'ords but a single first- 
class power, and this is at Mile Haven, in Scriven 
county. 

McBean Creek, running on the southwestern edge of 
the county, makes the boundary between Eichmond 



Georgia and South pAROLiNA. 141 

and Burke counties. This is a large, bold stream, 
aifording a never failing supply of water. The Augusta 
and Savannah Eailroad follows the course of this 
creek four or five miles, affording three fine sites, with 
ample water power for large factories immediately on 
the railroad. These three sites were formerly occupied, 
but the dams broken by freshets during the war, have 
never been rebuilt, and the water power is now idle. 
At each of these three sites, the power obtained by 
rudely constructed dams has been put to use in pro- 
pelling the requisite machinery for large saw mills, 
grist mills, and flour mills ; but nothing like the power 
which the streams would afford has been made availa- 
ble ; the proprietors being satisfied with what would 
prove sufficient to meet the demands of the machinery 
in use, and not looking to its fullest development. Fol- 
lowing this stream u]) some seven miles there are three 
excellent sites, all of which have been used in former 
da3'8, chiefly to meet the wants of neighboring planta- 
tions in grinding corn, but the whole power has never 
been made available. Seven miles from Palmer's we 
come to Byne's mill. This power has recently been 
purchased by Augusta capitalists — buying the planta- 
tion adjoining and the mill site for $13,000 — who design, 
during the coming year, erecting a good flour mill, and 
a cotton factoiy, for the purpose of making yarns. A 
northern agent, who has been inspecting various sites, 
for the purpose of erecting a thread factory, pronounces 
this an admirable site. This is the last of the larger 
mill sites on this stream. There are bi-anch creeks 
above this point, but the}- afford only small power. 

The next stream north of McBean is Little Spirit 
creek, a large stream, but so called in contra-distinction 
to Big Spirit creek, which it joins near Blackwater 
lake, not fiir from the Savannah river. There are four 
admirable sites, well known as Dove's mill, Pemberton's 
mill, Lawson's mill, and Hancock's mill ; of these only 
Dove's and Hancock's are in use — Dove's as a grist, and 
Hancock's for a saw mill and merchant mill. 

The next stream is Big Spirit creek, a large, bold 
stream. The first site on this stream is the mill site of 
R. A. Allen, near the Augusta and Savannah railroad. 
Not far from this site is the point known as the "last 
stand," made before the capture of Augusta by the 



142 fiiLLY jpiNE Region op 

British, during the revohitionaiy war, and by the forti- 
fications occupied during the late unpleasantness on 
that burning march of Sherman to the sea. This is an 
admirable site, commandino- a larp-e volume of water, 
with ample fall, and is free from back water from the 
river. This site is only used for a small grist mill and 
cotton gin, supplied by a short canal, which conveys 
the requisite volume of water, but not diminishing the 
volume of the creek perceptibly. 

There are a great numl)er of mill sites on this creek 
for a distance of twenty-five miles up the stream. Next 
above Allen's is McGee's, affording a first-class water 
power not used ; then follows ]\[cl>ade's, a magniticent 
site, but only put to the use of a little squatty four post 
saw mill and grist mill, which disguise nothing of its 
pretensions to the distant spectator. Next above is 
Brandon's, and above Brandon's is the well known site 
of the Eichniond factory. The able president of the 
Eichmond factory company, Adam Johnston, Esq., puts 
his water power to such good use that the stock of his 
company is never seen in the market. Above the Rich- 
mond lactory is the excellent sites of Cashin mills, 
Jeames', McNair's and Palmer's, besides a number of 
sites onl}^ furnishing power for small mills, which we 
omit as not first-class power, suitable for factories. 

Butler's Creek — Upon this creek are the admirable 
sites of Clanton's, Eed's, Carmichael's, Duval's machine 
w^orks, Belleville factory, McKeiver's, and Crawford's 
mills. We are not aware that any of these sites are 
put to use exce])t that occu])ied by the Duval's machine 
works company. The Belleville factory was burned 
during the war, and has never been rebuilt, and its 
splendid water power now lies idle. 

Rocky Creek — Upon this creek is Phinizy's mill, 
Whitne^^'s mill, near the Augusta and Savannah rail- 
road, where the first cotton gin was run by water 
under the first patent (and we believe the only one) 
sold by Eli Whitney, the inventor. Next above is 
Boisclair's, 'Ihomas and Lovell's, all capital sites. 

We omit the power of Cupboard, Eae's and Eed 
creeks, as not aftbrding, according to our estimate, first- 
class water power. 

These streams run through a healthy pine region, 
covered with virgin forests. The country is rolling 



Geohgia and South Carolina. 145 

tuul stilubrious. No area in the world can surpass it in 
healthfuhiess. The markets of Augusta, supplied by 
the several railroads in operation and ])rojected, giving 
a close connection with Wilmington, Charleston, Port 
Eoyal, and Savannah, secures ample supplies by cheap 
trans])ortation of manufactures, while its connection 
with the interior and the West insures supplies of food 
at a low rate from the West. 

Stininiei'vllle^ Michniond County , Ga.^ 

Is situated two and a half miles due west of the city 
of Augusta, ou the eastern slope and summit of 
what is generally designated "the Sand Hills," by 
wliicli name the town was known before its incorpo- 
ration. These hills rise by a gradual slopt; from the 
valley of the Savannah river, which here is about 
two and a half miles in width from east to west, and 
in leui^th from north to south from eii^-ht to nine 
miles. The distance from tlie valley to the crest of 
the ridge is about 2,000 feet ; from thence the 
plateau or summit of the ridge extends in a westerly 
direction about two and a half or three miles, with 
an average width of one mile, more or less. 

This plateau is, properly speaking, the true sum- 
mit of the hills in this State, being the liigliest point 
attained by it, and upon its eastern terminus is situ- 
ated a portion of the village, including the United 
States arsenal and grounds. 

The gradual slope of this plateau to the south and 
east; the sandy nature of the soil, with the pine and 
oak growth (black jack), make it extremely dry and 
well adapted for those pulmonary sulFerers who re- 
quire a very dry climate and low dew point; while 
the sides of the ridge being nearer the valley are 
better adapted to those for whom a semi-humid at- 
mosphere is necessary. This uondiliou can be iu- 



444 Willy JPine Region of 

creased or diminished by approaching to or recediiio; 
from the valley, which fact makes the village of 
Summerville more suitable as a residence for the 
pulmonary sufferer than any locality I am aware of, 
since it is well known that though the great propor- 
tion of phthisical patients require a dry climate, yet 
there are occasionally those who are benefited by a 
comparatively humid atmosphere. This is particu- 
larly the case with asthmatic patients, who, in the 
great majority of cases, are benefited by residing 
here. As this peculiarity of constitution can only 
be determined by actual experiment, we have, in the 
close proximity of these two hygrometrical condi- 
tions, an easy and convenient means of determining 
the fact. 

Summerville was original ty designed to be simply 
a summer resort by the wealthy citizens of Augusta? 
when that city was less healthy than it now is, but its 
air was found to be so healthful and bracing in win- 
ter, that they eventually made it their permanent 
abode, and now the population may be estimated at 
eight hundred inhabitants, including servants. 

It is regularly laid out in broad streets, lined with 
handsome elms and other shade trees, the houses 
being built in large enclosures, ornamented with 
shrubbery and flowers. It is not uncommon to see 
the camellia japonica, in full bloom, in the months of 
January and February, while the different azaleas 
are out in the early part of April. 

The salubrity of the climate is unquestioned. As 
an evidence of its healthfulness, but fourteen deaths 
have occurred in the place since 1865, though two 
epid<miics — one of small pox and one of measles — 
have occurred in that time. As far as I have been 



Georgia and South Carolina. 14^ 

able to a8certmn, six of the persons were over 
three score and ten, viz: one aged 102 years, 
one 94, one 84, one 75, 72 and 70 respectively. Two 
from accident ; one intant from croup ; two from 
congestive fever, contracted elsewhere and neglected, 
one from pneumonia, contracted elsewhere and ne- 
glected ; one congestion of the brain ; one ascites; 
one tuberculous phthsisis, developed elsewhere. 

During the prevalence of that fatal e[)idemic, the 
yellow fever of 1854, which infested our coast towns 
and even penetrated to villages which before had 
escaped its ravages, it finally made its appearance in 
the city of Augusta. Although an easterly wind 
prevailed for sixty days, botbro and during the epi- 
demic, and consequently blowing directly to the hill 
across the city, there is no reason to suppose the at- 
mosphere of Summerville was at all contaminated 
with the poison of this pernicious fever, since 110 
cases occurred here other than those contracted in 
the city, or by close confinement with those cases 
which were developed in tlie village. 

The residence of Col. John Milledge, which 
stands upon the most prominent situation due west 
of Augusta, and nearer to the city than any other 
house in the village, was crowded with refugees from 
Savannah and Augusta, who, including their ser- 
vants, and the fanuly, numbered about sixty persons, 
yet among tliese not a single case of sickness of any 
kind occurred. 

The same exemption from causes of disease, 
claimed for other portions of this region, applies to 
this village, and though malarial fevers exist in the 
valley and close upon its borders to some extent, yet 
tlie hill proper, upon which most of the village 
12 



146 j4lLLY J^INE Jl 



EGION O^ 



stands, is entirely exempt from this influence, being 
in every respect as healthful as Aiken, Columbia, 
and Camden, in South Carolina, and Belair, Ber- 
zelia, Bath, and other sand hill villages in this State. 

To the lovers of the picturesque, the views from 
the various prominent points of the village are 
beautiful in the extreme, and so distant is the hori- 
zon as to require very little exercise of the imagina- 
tion to fancy the wide expanse of the ocean spread 
out before the eye, while the broad valley upon 
which stands the city, bounded by undulating hills, 
give a charm and variety to the landscape seldom 
found even in mountain scenery. 

From the plateau upon which Col. Mi Hedge's re- 
sidence stands the view is more extensive than at 
any other point, and therefore this spot has been 
suo^o-ested as one of the best sites for a lirst-class 
hotel. An enterprise of this character would be 
beyond all question amply remunerative, since it is 
a matter of daily experience, that during the winter 
and spring months there have been liundreds of un- 
successful applicants for accommodation at the few 
houses open to those fleeing from the rigors of a 
northern climate, and desiring a temporary sojourn 
in the more genial atmosphere of the south. 

This village, being connected with the beautiful 
and growing city of Augusta, by a street railroad, 
the cars of which run at frequent and regular inter- 
vals between the two places, the time occupied be- 
ing about thirt}^ minutes, affords the residents of 
Summerville all the advantages of the city market, 
together with the quiet and beauty of a suburban 
residence. A good turnpike also otters inducements 
for pleasant drives to those who keep their equipages. 



Georgia amd ^outh Carolina. 147 

• To the pedestriiiii the fragrant pine woods in close 
proximity to the village, not only aftbrd protection 
from the winds, but also opportunities of agreeable 
recreation and healthful exeicise. These advantages 
in connection with others which will readily suggest 
tlicmselves, make this a most desirable residence for 
those who may wish to avail themselves of the rem- 
edial influence of the climate, as presented for their 
consideration in the preceding pages. 

The easy access of this point by rail from the sea 
coast, the beautiful and bracing nature of the cli- 
mate, would make a favorite summer resort for the 
people of this section, were a first-class hotel built 
here; while in winter there is no question of its 
being a largely paying investment. And as the 
beneficial influence of the climate comes to be more 
known by the large class of northern people who 
now migrate every autumn and winter to Florida, 
they would naturally resort to this place, particularly 
in the early spring months. 

In conseqeunce of failures in business, the loss of 
pro[)erty, and the necessity of changing locality, 
there are now several places put upon the market 
for sale at very moderate prices, but real estate is 
here rising in value every season, so that it may soon 
be expected to reach its oi-iginal antc-belluyn price. 
The present is, therefore, the best time for purchas- 
ing, and any one desiring to do so can obtain all ne- 
cessary information from Messrs. L. & II. A. McLaws, 
Land Agents, Augusta, Ga. 

FINIS. 



iiu 



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Land and Mining Agents 

For the State of Georgia. 



No. 3 Old Post Office Block, 
AUGUSTA, GA., 

WILL BUY AISTD SKLL 

REAL ESTATE 



P" p 



OMMISSION, 



Gen E. C. Anderson, Suvimn.ih; Hon. .John P. Kinp,-, John 
Bones, and Tlios. P. Stovall, Augusta; Gen. W. T. WolT()id, Car- 
tersville, (7a.; Gen. Uobert Toombs, Washington, Ga.; JVIaj. R. J. 
Moses, Cokiml)us, Ga.; Pratte, Edwards A: Go., Atlanta, Ga.; 
Hon. B. C. Harris, Sparta, Ga.; Hon. Jolm W. Stevenson, Gov- 
ernor of Kentucky; Hon. A. W. Newby, President Bank of Ky.; 



Col. E. T. Taylor, C.^ashier Bank of Ky.; Hon. W. T. Barrett, 
Louisville, Ky.; Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. W. S. Hancock, (xcn. C'. 
VV. Fry, U. S. A.; Gov. M. Bonham, Gen. J. B. Kershaw S. G.; 
Gen. I). H. Hill, Gen. U. Ransom, N. C.; Gol. St. George Rogers' 
('Ol. F". Dancy, Fla.; Gov. B. T. Humphreys, Miss.; Gen. A. P. 
Stewart, Gen. (\. \V. Smith, Tenn.; Gen. J. 1). Imboden, Va.; 
Col. C. D. Pennebacker, Washington, I). C. 



O A^TEB* 




f 



lANO S" Music 



J^ 



OOMS 



Established in Charleston 1833. 
11 IN Augusta 1848. 



Where can be foniid PIANO FjORTES unsur- 
passed for elegance of finish, great power, singing 
qualities, sweetness and purity of tone, and of great 
durability. 

Every Instrument Warranted foh^ Years. 

Sole Agent for the factories of A. Weber, Haines 
Bros., andN'oRVESON & Son, N^ew York, and several 
others. 

Also, Agent for MASON & HAMLIN'S superior 
CABINET ORGANS. 

Always on hand a large assortment of GUITARS, 
VIOLINS, ACC ORB EONS, and all kinds of 
MUSICAL MERCHANBISE. 

A large collection of School and Miscellaneous 
BOOKS, and every thing appertaining to a first-class 
Book Store can be found at the establishment of 

Geo. a. Dates, 
240 Broad Street, Augusta, Ga. 



Old pRUG fJousE, 



Fluxxib <& Leitxier, 

212 Broad St,, Augusta, Ga. 



p xj R ii; 

Drugs, Paints, Oils, 
Perfumery, Fancy Goods, Toilet ^rticles. 



P 



Wa,rra.n.tecl Fresh 

Af^DEN Seeds 



JFish Hooks, Lhirs, Poles, and a (jentral assorlnient of 
Fishing Tackle. 



AVIIOLESALE AGENTS FOR THE CELEBRATED 

MILLVILLE ATMOSPHERIC FRUIT JARS. 

j^LUMB 8/ LeITNER, 
New Granite Front, Broad Street, Augusta, Ga. 



PKINTED AT THE AUGUSTA PRESS BOOK AND JOB OPFTCE. 






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C ^^^^^^^t^^c-'^t^ ''y^c- 



Wealth and Profit: 



As Found in Jhe 



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Willy Pine j^ 



EGION 



OF 



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Georgia & South Carolina 



cr 



TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF ITS 

Horticultural, Agricultural, and 
JVIanufacturing Resources, 



i 

i 



TOPOGI^APHY, pEOLOGY. jBOTANY, AND pLIMATOLOGY 
OF THE I^EGION. 



By S. E. HABEKSHAM, M. D. 



AuciUSTA. Ga.: 

PRINTED AT THE AUGUSTA PRESS BOOK AND -lOP. OFFICE. 

18 9. 



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